1976 Equal Treatment Directive,

Council Directive 76/207, 1976 O.J. (L 039) 1, 11 (EC).

2002 Directive Amending 1976 Equal Treatment Directive,

European Parliament and Council Directive 2002/73, 2006 O.J. (L 204/23) (RC).

1976 Equal Treatment Directive, as amended by 2002 Directive (Consolidated),*

Council Directive 76/207, 1976 O.J. (L 039) 1, 11 (EC), as amended by European Parliament and Council Directive 2002/73, 2002 O.J. (L 269), 15 (EC).

2006 Directive Amending 1976 Equal Treatment Directive,*

European Parliament and Council Directive 2006/54, 2006 O.J. (L 204/23) (RC).

Four Women Win Seats in Kuwait Parliament,

Robert F. Worth, First Women Win Seats in Kuwait Parliament, N.Y. Times, May 18, 2009, at A4

ABA/ASIL Joint Task Force on Treaties in U.S. Law,

ABA/ASIL, March 16, 2009, available at http://www.asil.org/files/TreatiesTaskForceReport.pdf

Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v. United Kingdom,

7 Eur. H.R. Rep. 471 (1985).

Airey v. Ireland,

2 Eur. H.R. Rep. 305 (1979).

African (Banjul) Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights,

African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child,

African Charter Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa,

Adopted by the 2nd Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the Union, Maputo, CAB/LEG/66.6 (Sept. 13, 2000); reprinted in 1 Afr. Hum. Rts. L.J. 40, entered into force Nov. 25, 2005.

African Charter Protocol on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights,

American Convention on Human Rights,

O.A.S.Treaty Series No. 36, 1144 U.N.T.S. 123, entered into force July 18, 1978, reprinted in Basic Documents Pertaining to Human Rights in the Inter-American System, OEA/Ser.L.V/II.82 doc.6 rev.1 at 25 (1992).

American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man,

O.A.S. Res. XXX, reprinted in Basic Documents Pertaining to Human Rights in the Inter-American System, OAS/Ser.L/V/I.4 Rev. 9 (2003); 43 AJIL Supp. 133 (1949).

Amici Curiae Brief in Support of Petitioners Presented by Amnesty International,

Campo Algodonero v. Mexico, Case Nos 12.496, 12.497 and 12.498 (2009).

Amnesty International, Pakistan:  Violence Against Women in the Name of Honour.

Amnesty International, Pakistan:  Insufficient Protection of Women.

Amsterdam Treaty (amending Maastricht Treaty and renumbering the EC and EU Treaties) (1997)

Another Step Forward for Regional Human Rights Cooperation,

Press Release, Ass'n of Southeast Asian Nations, Phuket, Thailand (July 20, 2009).

Article 249 of the Maastricht Treaty

A.S. v. Hungary,

U. N. Doc. CEDAW/C/36/D/4/2004 (2006).

Asakura v. City of Seattle,

265 U.S. 332 (1924).

ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights, Terms of Reference,

Ass'n of Southeast Asian Nations (2009).

A. T. v. Hungary,

U.N. Doc. CEDAW/C/32/D/2/2003 (2005)

Ato del Avellanal v. Peru,

Communication No. 202/1986 (28 October 1988), U.N. Doc. Supp. No. 40 (A/44/40) at 196 (1988).

Attorney General v. Unity Dow,

[1992] LRC (Const) 628 (1992). (Appeal Court of Botswana)

Bangladesh National Women Lawyers Association (BNWLA) v. Govt of Bangladesh,

Bangladesh National Women Lawyers Association (BNWLA) v. Govt. of Bangladesh and Others, [2009]

Beyond the Burqa,

Liesl Gerntholtz & Gauri van Gulik, Beyond the Burqa, July 2, 2009, available at http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/07/02/beyond-burqa

Bhe v. Magistrate Khayelitsha

Broeks v. The Netherlands,

Communication No. 172/1984, UN Doc. Supp. No. 40 (A/42/40) at 139 (1987).

Burghartz v. Switzerland,
18 Eur. H.R. Rep. 101 (1994).

C100 Equal Renumeration Convention

C111 Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention

C183 Maternity Protection Convention

Castle Rock, Colorado v. Gonzales,

545 U.S. 748 (2000).

CEDAW Committee, First Periodic Report of State Parties: Egypt,

CEDAW Committee, Second Periodic Report of State Parties: Egypt,

CEDAW Committee, Third Periodic Report of State Parties: Egypt,

CEDAW Committee Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of State Parties: Egypt,

CEDAW Committee, Concluding Observations:  Egypt (2001),

U.N. Doc. A/56/38, paras.312-358 (2001).

CEDAW Committee, Summary Record of the 34th and 39th meetings: Egypt (1984),

CEDAW Committee, Summary Record of the 164th and 165th meetings: Egypt's Second Report (1990),

CEDAW Committee, Summary Record of the 492nd and 493rd meetings: Egypt's Third, Fourth, and Fifth Reports,

CEDAW Report on Mexico, and reply from the Government of Mexico

U.N. Doc. CEDAW/C/2005/Op.8/Mexico (2005)

CEDAW Optional Protocol,

G.A. res. 54/4, annex, 54 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 5, U.N. Doc. A/54/49 (Vol. I) (2000), entered into force Dec. 22, 2000.

CESCR Concluding Observations

CESCR General Comments

CESCR States Reports

Commission of the European Communities v. United Kingdom,
Case 165/82, 1983 E.C.R. 3431 (1983).

Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women,

Convention on the Rights of the Child,

Charter of the United Nations,

June 26, 1945, 59 Stat. 1031, T.S. 993, 3 Bevans 1153, entered into force Oct. 24, 1945.

Courtney W. Howland, The Challenge of Religious Fundamentalism to the Liberty and Equality Rights of Women: An Analysis Under the United Nations Charter,

35 Colum. J. Transnat'l L. 274-378 (1997).

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, General Recommendation 19, Violence against women (Eleventh session, 1992),

U.N. Doc. A/47/38 at 1 (1993), reprinted in Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations Adopted by Human Rights Treaty Bodies, U.N. Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.6 at 243 (2003).

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, General Recommendation 21, Equality in marriage and family relations (Thirteenth session, 1992),

U.N. Doc. A/49/38 at 1 (1994), reprinted in Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations Adopted by Human Rights Treaty Bodies, U.N. Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.6 at 250 (2003).

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, General Recommendation 24, Women and Health (Twentieth session, 1999),

U.N. Doc. A/49/38 at 1 (1994), reprinted in Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations Adopted by Human Rights Treaty Bodies, U.N. Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.6 at 250 (2003).

CEDAW General Recommendation 26- Rights of Women Migrant Workers

Commission of the European Communities v. France,
Case 312/86, 1988 E.C.R. 6315 (1988).

Costa Rica Request for Advisory Opinion

Proposed Amendments to the Naturalization Provisions of the Constitution of Costa Rica, Advisory Opinion OC-4/84, January 19, 1984, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (Ser. A) No. 4 (1984).

The Constitutive Act of the African Union,

Adopted July 11, 2000 in Lome, Togo.

Concluding Observations by U.N. Treaty Bodies

Council of Europe Feasibility Study for a Convention Against Domestic Violence,

Feasibility Study for a Convention Against Domestic Violence, EC (2007)

Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women,

Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women,

Delgado-Paéz v. Colombia,

Case No. 195/1985 (1990), U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/39/D/195/1985.

Discrimination in the Name of Neutrality,

Human Rights Watch: Discrimination in the Name of Neutrality: Headscarf Bans for Teachers and Civil Servants in Germany, February 26, 2009, available at http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2009/02/25/discrimination-name-neutrality-0

E.E.O.C. v. Fremont Christian School,

781 F.2d 1362 (9th Cir. 1986).

[European] Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms,

European Economic Community (EEC)Regulations, Directives and Recommendations: Their legal character and how they work,

Ingeborg Heide, Gender Roles and Sex Equality 18-20, International Labour Office (2004).

Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) (1957) ("Treaty of Rome")

Treaty on European Union (EU) (1992) ("Maastricht Treaty") (renaming EEC the "European Community" (EC)) (1992)

Feasibility Study for a Convention Against Domestic Violence

Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland) v. Kreil,
Case 285/98, 2001 E.C.R. I-69 (2000).

Federal Statute Banning FGM ,

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1995, Sec. 645, Pub. L. 104-208, sec. 645, 110 Stat. 3009-546, at 708-709 (1996), codified at 18 U.S.C. 116.

Four Women Win Seats in Kuwait Parliament,

Robert F. Worth, First Women Win Seats in Kuwait Parliament, N.Y. Times, May 18, 2009, at A4

Global Jurist- Female Circumcision as Female Genital Mutilation: Human Rights or Cultural Imperialism.

General Comments by U.N. Treaty Bodies - CCPR

General Recommendations by U.N. Treaty Bodies - CEDAW

General Comments by U.N. Treaty Bodies - CESCR

Germany v. Kreil,
Case 285/98, 2001 E.C.R. I-69 (2000).

Gonzales v. Carhart,

550 U. S. ___ (2007) (slip opinion).

Gubernat v. Deremer,

657 A.2d 856 (NJ 1995).

Huamán v. Peru,

Communication No. 1153/2003, UN Doc. CCPR/C/85/D/1153/2003 (2005).

Human Rights Committee (CCPR) General Comments

HRC (CCPR) General Comment 18

HRC (CCPR), General Comment 19

Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations Adopted by Human Rights Treaty Bodies, U.N. Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.1 at 28 (1994).

HRC (CCPR), General Comment 31

U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13 (2004).

HRC (CCPR) General Comment 22

HRC (CCPR) General Comment 28

HRC (CCPR) Concluding Observations

HRC States Reports

Human Rights Watch, Divorced from Justice: Women's Unequal Access to Divorce in Egypt

Human Rights Watch, Honoring the Killers:  Justice Denied for “Honor” Crimes in Jordan.

Human Rights Watch, Violence Against Women in Brazil.

Initial reports of States Parties: Arab Republic of Egypt, CEDAW Committee,

Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence Against Women,

33 I.L.M. 1534 (1994), entered into force March 5, 1995.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR),

ICCPR Optional Protocol ,

International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights,

ICESCR Optional Protocol,*

J.H.W. v. The Netherlands,

Communication No. 501/1992, UN Doc. CCPR/C/48/D/501/1992 (1993).

Johnston v. Chief Constable,
Case 222/84, 1986 E.C.R. 1651, 1676-1689 (1986).

Law and Advocacy for Women in Uganda (LAW-U) v. Attorney General,

Const. Pets. Nos. 13/05 & 05/06, [2007] UGCC 1 (5 April 2007).

Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Resolution 276,

1971 I.C.J. 16, 56-57 (1970).

Maria da Penha Maia Fernandes v. Brazil,

Case 12.051, Inter-Am. C.H.R., Report No. 54/01, Annual Report 2000, OEA/Ser.L./V/II.222 doc.20 rev. (2000).

Maria Elena Loayza-Tamayo v. Peru,

Medellin v. Texas,

552 U.S. ____(2008).*

Nguyen v. INS,

533 U.S. 53 (2001).

538 U.S. 721 (2003).

Treaty of Nice (Enlarging the EU to 25 countries) (2001)

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women,

G.A. res. 54/4, annex, 54 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 5, U.N. Doc. A/54/49 (Vol. I) (2000), entered into force Dec. 22, 2000.

Optional Protocol to the ICCPR,

Optional Protocol to the ICESCR,

Opuz v. Turkey,

__ Eur. Ct. H.R. __, Application No. 33401/02, (June 9, 2009).

Perpetual Minors,

Human Rights Watch: Perpetual Minors: Human Rights Abuses Stemming From Male Guardianship and Sex Segregation in Saudi Arabia, April 19, 2009, available at http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2008/04/19/perpetual-minors-0.

Physicians for Human Rights, The Taliban’s War on Women: A Health and Human Rights Crisis in Afghanistan,

Boston (1998).

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania et al. v. Casey,

505 U.S. 833 (1992).

Polygyny as a Violation of Women's Right to Equality in Marriage: An Historical, Comparative and International Human Rights Overview, Susan Deller Ross,

24 Delhi L. Rev. 22 (2002).

Ponsamy Poongavanam v. Mauritius,

Communication No. 567/1993, UN Doc. CCPR/C/51/D/567/1993 (1993).

Preliminary Report Submitted by the Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, its Causes, and Consequences

Economic and Social Committee, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1995/42 (1994).

Protocol Amending the Slavery Convention,

Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa,

Adopted by the 2nd Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the Union, Maputo, CAB/LEG/66.6 (Sept. 13, 2000); reprinted in 1 Afr. Hum. Rts. L.J. 40, entered into force Nov. 25, 2005.

R v. Headteacher and Governors of Denbigh High,

(2006) UKHL 15 (U.K.)

Recommendation on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages,

Reform of Customary Law of Succession and Regulation of Related Matters Act,

Regulations, Directives and Recommendations: Their legal character and how they work,

from Ingeborg Heide, Gender Roles and Sex Equality 18-20, International Labour Office (2004).

Report on Admissibilty of Jessica Gonzales and Others v. United States,

Jessica Gonzales and Others v. United States, Petition 1490-05, Inter-Am C.H.R, Report No. 52/7, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.07 (2007).

Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan,

U.N. Doc. E/CN.6.2003/4 (2003).

Reynolds v. United States,

98 U.S. 145 (1878).

Roe v. Wade,

410 U.S. 113 (1973).

Rosenfeld v. Southern Pacific Co.,

444 F.2d 1219 (9th Cir. 1971).

Sahin v. Turkey,

Application No. 44774/98, Eur. Ct. H.R., (2004), available at http://www.law.georgetown.edu/rossrights/docs/html-orig/turkey-veil.html

Saudi Arabia: Women's Rights Promises Being Broken,

Human Rights Watch: Saudi Arabia: Women's Rights Promises Being Broken, Human Rights Watch, July 9, 2009, available at http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/07/08/saudi-arabia-women-s-rights-promises-broken

Schmidt v. Germany,
18 Eur. H.R. Rep. 513 (1994).

Silence is Violence: End the Abuse of Women in Afghanistan,

U.N. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (8 July 2009), available at http://unama.unmissions.org/Portals/UNAMA/vaw-english.pdf

Shirin Aumeeruddy-Cziffra and 19 other Mauritian Women v. Mauritius,

Communication No. 35/1978 (9 April 1981), U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/OP/1 at 67 (1984).

Shirin Aumeeruddy-Cziffra and 19 other Mauritian Women v. Mauritius,

Communication No. 35/1978 (9 April 1981), Response of June 15, 1983, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/OP/2 at 226 (1990).

Slavery Convention of 1926,

60 U.N.T.S. 253, entered into force March 9, 1927.

State v. Baloyi,

1999 (1) SA 1 (CC) at 22.

States Reports to U.N. Treaty Bodies - CEDAW

States Reports to U.N. Treaty Bodies - CESCR

States Reports to U.N. Treaty Bodies - HRC (CCPR)

Summary record: Egypt. 1984, CEDAW Committee,

Summary record: Egypt. 1990, CEDAW Committee,

Summary record: Egypt. 19/01/2001, CEDAW Committee,

Supplemental Amici Curiae Brief in Support of Petitioner Presented by Legal Momentum,

Gonzales v. The United States of America, Petition No. P-1490-05 (2009).

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery,

Treaty of Nice (Enlarging the EU to 25 countries) (2001)

Treaty Reference Guide

U.N. Treaty Collection

Uganda Ass'n of Women Lawyers v. Attorney General,

Const. Pet. No. 2/03, (10 Mar 2004).

Uganda to Outlaw Female Circumcision

Safa-AFP, "Uganda to outlaw female circumcision," Mail and Guardian Online, July 3, 2009.

United States v. Virginia Military Institute,

518 U.S. 515 (1996).

Universal Declaration of Human Rights,

U.S. State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Egypt (2006 report)

Bureau of Democracy, Hum. Rgts., and Labor, U.S. Dept. of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Egypt (2006).

Velasquez Rodriguez Case,

Judgment of July 29, 1988, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (Ser. C) No. 4 (1988).

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties,

1155 U.N.T.S. 331, 8 I.L.M. 679, entered into force Jan. 27, 1980.

Vishaka v. Rajasthan,

[1997] 3 LRC 361(1997).

Vo v. France,

40 Eur. H.R. Rep. 259 (2004).

Vos v. The Netherlands,

Communication No. 218/1986, UN Doc. Supp. No. 40 (A/44/40) at 232 (1989).

White v. United States,

Case 2141, Inter-Am. C.H.R. Resolution 23/81, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.54, Doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981).

Written Comments by Center for Reproductive Rights on Vo v. France,

Vo v. France, 40 Eur. Hr.R. Rep. 259 (2004).