{"id":300,"date":"2019-03-13T15:43:55","date_gmt":"2019-03-13T19:43:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/?page_id=300"},"modified":"2026-01-22T13:55:54","modified_gmt":"2026-01-22T18:55:54","slug":"addressing-political-violence-unlawful-paramilitaries-and-threats-to-democracy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/our-work\/addressing-political-violence-unlawful-paramilitaries-and-threats-to-democracy\/","title":{"rendered":"Addressing Political Violence, Unlawful Paramilitaries, Threats to Democracy, and Gun Violence"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>After the August 2017 \u201cUnite the Right\u201d rally in Charlottesville led to violence and death, we at ICAP concluded that private paramilitary activity was at the core of the weekend\u2019s mayhem.\u00a0 We soon filed suit\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/our-work\/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries\/city-of-charlottesville-v-pennsylvania-light-foot-militia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/our-work\/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries\/city-of-charlottesville-v-pennsylvania-light-foot-militia\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1673446825627000&amp;usg=AOvVaw2d6PH9lmp1-GO1Bjtu0-mZ\" class=\"cx_external_link\"><span class=\"cx_external_hyperlink\">on behalf of the City of Charlottesville<\/span><span class=\"visually_hide\">(This link opens in a new tab)<\/span><span class=\"cx_external_icon\"><\/span><\/a>, downtown businesses, and neighborhood associations seeking declaratory and injunctive relief to prevent a recurrence of such dangerous privatized use of force.<\/p>\n<p>We prevailed, securing court orders prohibiting a range of groups and individuals from returning to Charlottesville as, in essence, rogue armies. The success in court underscored the importance of adopting a litigation approach grounded in law enforcement sensibilities but ultimately aimed at restoring to the public square the capacity for genuine advocacy and the peaceful exchange of ideas.<\/p>\n<p>More recently,\u00a0ICAP partnered with then-Bernalillo County District Attorney Ra\u00fal Torrez to file a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/our-work\/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries\/state-v-new-mexico-civil-guard\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/our-work\/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries\/state-v-new-mexico-civil-guard\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1673446825627000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3_6P3JA15Xb4nfstLQGMfi\" class=\"cx_external_link\"><span class=\"cx_external_hyperlink\">civil suit against the New Mexico Civil Guard<\/span><span class=\"visually_hide\">(This link opens in a new tab)<\/span><span class=\"cx_external_icon\"><\/span><\/a>\u00a0for its actions during a protest at the statue of Spanish conquistador, Juan de O\u00f1ate, in Albuquerque.\u00a0 ICAP challenged the Guard as violating New Mexico state law against unlawful paramilitary and law enforcement activity.\u00a0 And as in Charlottesville,\u00a0we prevailed, obtaining an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2022\/10\/2022-10-07-Order-on-Motions-for-Default.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2022\/10\/2022-10-07-Order-on-Motions-for-Default.pdf&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1673446825627000&amp;usg=AOvVaw1Ybip_ZRZKbePZhgyMjctq\" class=\"cx_external_link\"><span class=\"cx_external_hyperlink\">injunction<\/span><span class=\"visually_hide\">(This link opens in a new tab)<\/span><span class=\"cx_external_icon\"><\/span><\/a> ordering the Guard and its members to stop operating as a military unit or acting as law enforcement.<\/p>\n<p>ICAP has released a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2024\/02\/50-state-survey-v4-FIN.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2018\/04\/Prohibiting-Private-Armies-at-Public-Rallies.pdf&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1673446825627000&amp;usg=AOvVaw2VZH3iGoLL1ZKExHUG8RCK\" class=\"cx_external_link\"><span class=\"cx_external_hyperlink\">50 State Catalog<\/span><span class=\"visually_hide\">(This link opens in a new tab)<\/span><span class=\"cx_external_icon\"><\/span><\/a>\u00a0of laws prohibiting private armies at public rallies,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/our-work\/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries\/state-fact-sheets\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/our-work\/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries\/state-fact-sheets\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1673446825627000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3_8ajs1UseqWMGMCRnuvN6\" class=\"cx_external_link\"><span class=\"cx_external_hyperlink\">fact sheets<\/span><span class=\"visually_hide\">(This link opens in a new tab)<\/span><span class=\"cx_external_icon\"><\/span><\/a>\u00a0detailing those laws for each state,\u00a0as well as a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitutionalprotestguide.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/constitutionalprotestguide.org\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1673446825627000&amp;usg=AOvVaw0sZANIERAoNqvCWMdzbypT\" class=\"cx_external_link\"><span class=\"cx_external_hyperlink\">toolkit<\/span><span class=\"visually_hide\">(This link opens in a new tab)<\/span><span class=\"cx_external_icon\"><\/span><\/a>\u00a0discussing legal principles, best practices, and creative solutions upon which local jurisdictions may draw to protect public safety while respecting constitutional rights during rallies, protests, and other public events.<\/p>\n<p><strong>ICAP has produced <span class=\"il\">guidance<\/span> for a variety of circumstances, including related to elections, polling places, and public protests and demonstrations, where unlawful paramilitary activity presents a threat.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Please refer to our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/election-hub\/\">Election Hub<\/a> for a comprehensive collection of guidance relevant to securing free and fair elections.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/our-work\/guidance-related-to-elections-and-polling-places\/\">Collection of Guidance Related to Elections and Polling Places<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/our-work\/guidance-related-to-public-protests-and-demonstrations\/\">Collection of Guidance Related to Public Protests and Demonstrations<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/our-work\/addressing-political-violence-unlawful-paramilitaries-and-threats-to-democracy\/constitutional-sheriffs-and-elections\/\">Collection of Guidance Related to &#8220;Constitutional Sheriffs&#8221; and Elections<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2024\/08\/Fact-Sheet-False-Misleading-and-Intimidating-Election-Information.pdf\">Fact Sheet on\u00a0False, Misleading, and Intimidating Election Information<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2024\/08\/True-Threats-Guidance-3.pdf\">Guidance on True Threats and the First Amendment<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2024\/08\/Private-Security-Forces-Fact-Sheet.pdf\">Guidance on Private Security Services<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2024\/08\/Guidance-on-Public-Meetings.pdf\">Protecting and Preserving the Public Meeting Space: Relevant Constitutional Principles<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2024\/08\/Guidance-on-Campus-Protests.pdf\">Protecting Public Safety and Free Expression on Campus<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2024\/08\/Pride-Guidance.pdf\">Protecting Pride Events from Armed Extremist Activity<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2022\/04\/2022.4.7.-Countering-Bigotry-and-Extremism-in-the-Ranks.pdf\">Countering Bigotry and Extremism in the Ranks: A First Amendment Guide for Law Enforcement Agencies<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Model Anti-Paramilitary Legislation<\/h2>\n<p>ICAP has also developed comprehensive model legislation to prohibit activity by paramilitary groups that threaten democratic processes and the constitutional rights of others, including by creating civil enforcement mechanisms for state officials and victims of vigilante actions to seek injunctive relief and damages. Read the draft model legislation <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2023\/02\/ICAP-State-Anti-Paramilitary-Model-Bill-Updated.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2023\/02\/ICAP-State-Anti-Paramilitary-Model-Bill-Updated.pdf&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1676036954859000&amp;usg=AOvVaw1hoHd5yDfy7nt_TdKDbbcB\" class=\"cx_external_link\"><span class=\"cx_external_hyperlink\">here<\/span><span class=\"visually_hide\">(This link opens in a new tab)<\/span><span class=\"cx_external_icon\"><\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Work Addressing Gun Violence<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>12\/30\/25 \u2013 Filed an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2026\/01\/Brown-v.-ATF-Amicus-Missouri.pdf\">amicus brief<\/a> in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri on behalf of the City of Baltimore, Maryland; the City of Columbus, Ohio; and Harris County, Texas in support of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives in its defense of provisions of the National Firearms Act that require the registration and serialization of silencers, short-barreled shotguns, and short-barreled rifles.<\/li>\n<li>12\/2\/25 \u2013 Filed an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2025\/12\/Silencer-Shop-v.-ATF-Amicus.pdf\">amicus brief<\/a> in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas on behalf of the City of Baltimore, Maryland; the City of Columbus, Ohio; and Harris County, Texas in support of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives in its defense of provisions of the National Firearms Act that require the registration and serialization of silencers, short-barreled shotguns, and short-barreled rifles.<\/li>\n<li>10\/29\/24 &#8211; Filed an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2024\/10\/Filed-Wolford-v.-Lopez-Opposition-to-Petition-for-Rehearing.pdf\">opposition<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/our-work\/addressing-political-violence-unlawful-paramilitaries-and-threats-to-democracy\/wolford-v-lopez\/\">Wolford v. Lopez<\/a> to plaintiffs&#8217; combined petition for rehearing and rehearing en banc in the Ninth Circuit.<\/li>\n<li>7\/2\/24 \u2013\u00a0Filed an\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.supremecourt.gov\/DocketPDF\/23\/23-852\/316182\/20240702114257584_23-852%20Amicus%20Brief-VanDerStok-FINAL%20PDFA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/www.supremecourt.gov\/DocketPDF\/23\/23-852\/316182\/20240702114257584_23-852%2520Amicus%2520Brief-VanDerStok-FINAL%2520PDFA.pdf&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1720817816017000&amp;usg=AOvVaw0oQIC0yUGns-UMeBJ56rds\" class=\"cx_external_link\"><span class=\"cx_external_hyperlink\">amicus brief<\/span><span class=\"visually_hide\">(This link opens in a new tab)<\/span><span class=\"cx_external_icon\"><\/span><\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<em>Garland v. VanDerStok<\/em>\u00a0on behalf of the Major Cities Chiefs Association, the Police Executive Research Forum, and dozens of current and former national security officials, law enforcement officers, and prosecutors, explaining how ATF\u2019s \u201cghost gun\u201d regulation is critical to preventing weapons from falling into the hands of malign actors (including terrorists, drug cartels, and domestic violent extremists), and enabling law enforcement to detect and prevent firearms trafficking at home and abroad.<\/li>\n<li>5\/23\/24 \u2013 Filed an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2024\/05\/USCM-Amicus-Brief.pdf\">amicus brief<\/a> in Virginia state court on behalf of the U.S. Conference of Mayors in support of a Roanoke ordinance restricting firearms in public parks.<\/li>\n<li>11\/21\/23 &#8211;\u00a0Filed a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2023\/11\/Wolford-Reply.pdf\">reply<\/a> brief in the Ninth Circuit in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/our-work\/addressing-political-violence-unlawful-paramilitaries-and-threats-to-democracy\/wolford-v-lopez\/\">Wolford v. Lopez<\/a>, where we are partnering with the State of Hawai\u2019i to defend a gun-safety law that the State recently enacted.<\/li>\n<li>10\/25\/23 \u2013 Filed an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2023\/11\/Hanson-v.-DC-USCM-Amicus-Brief-Filed-10.25.23.pdf\">amicus brief<\/a> in the D.C. Circuit on behalf of the U.S. Conference of Mayors in support of a D.C. law banning large-capacity magazines.<\/li>\n<li>10\/5\/23 &#8211; Filed an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2023\/10\/Wolford-v.-Lopez-Opening-Brief-10.05.23.pdf\">opening brief<\/a> in the Ninth Circuit\u00a0in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/our-work\/addressing-political-violence-unlawful-paramilitaries-and-threats-to-democracy\/wolford-v-lopez\/\">Wolford v. Lopez<\/a>, where we are\u00a0partnering with the State of Hawai&#8217;i to defend a gun-safety law that the State recently enacted.<\/li>\n<li>7\/14\/23 \u2013 Filed a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2023\/07\/Dkt.-55-Memo-in-Opposition-to-TRO.pdf\">memorandum<\/a> in opposition to plaintiffs\u2019 motion for a temporary restraining order in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/our-work\/addressing-political-violence-unlawful-paramilitaries-and-threats-to-democracy\/wolford-v-lopez\/\">Wolford v. Lopez<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>5\/10\/23 &#8211; Filed an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2023\/05\/Bevis-v.-City-of-Naperville-USCM-Amicus-Filed-Version-05.10.2023.pdf\" aria-label=\"amicus brief on behalf of the U.S. Conference of Mayors in support of a Highland Park, Illinois ordinance banning assault-style weapons and high-capacity magazines\">amicus brief<\/a> in the Seventh Circuit on behalf of the U.S. Conference of Mayors in support of a Naperville, Illinois ordinance and Illinois state law banning assault-style weapons and high-capacity magazines.<\/li>\n<li>1\/26\/23 &#8211; Filed an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2023\/01\/USCM-Amicus-Brief-Filed-Version.pdf\" aria-label=\"amicus brief on behalf of the U.S. Conference of Mayors in support of a Highland Park, Illinois ordinance banning assault-style weapons and high-capacity magazines\">amicus brief<\/a> on behalf of the U.S. Conference of Mayors in support of a Highland Park, Illinois ordinance banning assault-style weapons and high-capacity magazines.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Work Addressing Threats to Democracy<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>10\/11\/22 &#8211; Filed a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2022\/10\/Dkt.-29-1-Amicus-Br..pdf\">motion for leave to file an amicus brief<\/a> arguing that the removal by the King County, Washington, government of privately placed signs falsely claiming that ballot drop boxes were under surveillance and misleadingly threatening that depositing ballots for others was illegal did not violate the First Amendment rights of the sign planter.<\/li>\n<li>8\/30\/21 \u2013 Filed a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/our-work\/safeguarding-first-amendment-rights\/naacp-v-oconnor\/\">lawsuit<\/a> representing the Oklahoma Conference of the NAACP in a challenge to an Oklahoma anti-protest law whose vague and overbroad terms do not provide adequate notice of when it applies and threaten to criminalize constitutionally protected speech.<\/li>\n<li>1\/11\/21 &#8211; Filed a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/our-work\/freedom-of-speech-and-of-religion\/selene-v-bedke\/\">lawsuit<\/a> representing disability-rights advocates and advocacy organizations in a challenge\u2014under the First Amendment, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973\u2014against an Idaho state legislature policy that infringes upon their fundamental rights to participate in the legislative process by denying basic protections for their health and safety.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Work Addressing Political Violence and Unlawful Paramilitaries<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>9\/26\/24 &#8211; Sent a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2024\/09\/Lynchburg-Letter-9.26.2024.pdf\">letter<\/a> to officials in Lynchburg, Virginia ahead of an armed assembly of a private militia group, detailing federal and state paramilitary laws and offering ICAP&#8217;s expertise.<\/li>\n<li>5\/22\/23 &#8211; S<span class=\"gmail_default\">ubmitted<\/span> a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2023\/05\/ICAP-Rhodes-Sentencing-Letter-5.22.23.pdf\">letter<\/a> to the judge presiding over Stewart Rhodes&#8217;s sentencing<span class=\"gmail_default\"> for<\/span> seditious conspiracy <span class=\"gmail_default\">based on<\/span>\u00a0his role in the attack on the <span class=\"gmail_default\">U.S. <\/span>Capitol on January 6, 2021, <span class=\"gmail_default\">rebutting arguments made in Rhodes&#8217;s sentencing memo that the judge should look favorably on his leadership of the Oath Keepers as a civic organization with a history of community involvement and volunteerism.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>5\/19\/23 &#8211; Published <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2023\/05\/Pride-Guidance-5.17.23.pdf\">guidance<\/a> designed to help local organizers in the LGBTQ+ community address potential threats by unlawful private paramilitary groups during Pride Month, which aims to inform local organizers about the legal options they have to counter these threats and ensure the safety of event attendees.<\/li>\n<li>3\/29\/23 &#8211; Sent a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2023\/04\/ICAP-Letter-on-Geauga-County-Drag-Protests-3.29.23.pdf\">letter<\/a> to officials in Geauga County, Ohio, ahead of scheduled drag events subject to potential disruption by private paramilitary actors, offering assistance in protecting peaceful protest and free expression while avoiding violence.<\/li>\n<li>2\/6\/23 &#8211; ICAP Executive Director Mary McCord <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2023\/02\/2023.02.06-OR-House-Committee-on-the-Judiciary-Hearing-on-HB-2572-1.pdf\">testified<\/a> before the Oregon State Legislature&#8217;s House Committee on the Judiciary in support of a <a href=\"https:\/\/olis.oregonlegislature.gov\/liz\/2023R1\/Downloads\/ProposedAmendment\/22493\">bill<\/a> <span class=\"css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0\">making it easier to address armed paramilitary activity that interferes with government functions, usurps law enforcement roles, and infringes constitutional rights.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>1\/27\/23 &#8211; Sent a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2023\/01\/Stoel-ICAP-Letter-re-SB-1007-FINAL.pdf\">letter to Idaho state legislators<\/a>, in response to a proposed bill to repeal an Idaho law that prohibits unauthorized paramilitary organizations, advising that the existing law is consistent with the U.S. Constitution, the Idaho Constitution, and Idaho\u2019s statutory regulation of the state militia and robust regulation of paramilitary and law enforcement activity<\/li>\n<li>12\/13\/22 &#8211; ICAP Executive Director Mary McCord testified before the House Subcommittee on Civil Rights and Civil Liberties of the Committee on Oversight and Reform regarding the evolution of extremist groups and the ongoing threat to democracy following the January 6 attack.\u00a0 Read <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2022\/12\/12.13.22.House-Oversight-Subcomittee-CRCL-McCord-testimony-FINAL-1.pdf\">the written testimony<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/oversight.house.gov\/legislation\/hearings\/confronting-white-supremacy-part-vii-the-evolution-of-anti-democratic-extremist\">watch the hearing<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>12\/7\/22 &#8211; Filed an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2022\/12\/2022.12.07-Gonzales-v-Google-merits-amicus.pdf\">amicus brief<\/a> in the Supreme Court on behalf of former national security officials raising the national security threats posed by online radicalization facilitated by algorithmic amplification of terrorist content by social media platforms and arguing that when it enacted the Communications Decency Act in 1996, Congress could not have intended to bar suits against such platforms for harms caused by their own algorithmic targeted recommendations.<\/li>\n<li>11\/7\/22 &#8211; Published updated set of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/our-work\/guidance-related-to-elections-and-polling-places\/\">guidance<\/a> related to elections and polling places<\/li>\n<li>11\/6\/22 &#8211; Published <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2022\/11\/Managing-Vehicular-Protests-During-Election-Season.pdf\">guidance<\/a> on managing vehicular protests during election season<\/li>\n<li>11\/6\/22 &#8211; Published <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2022\/11\/Police-at-the-Polls.pdf\">guidance<\/a> on law enforcement&#8217;s role in ensuring safe voter participation at the polls<\/li>\n<li>11\/4\/22 &#8211; Published <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2022\/11\/The-First-Amendment-and-the-Governments-Authority-to-Regulate-Poll-Observer-Conduct.pdf\">guidance<\/a> on the authority of state government to regulate poll observer conduct<\/li>\n<li>5\/18\/22 &#8211; ICAP sent a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2022\/05\/ICAP-Letter-Kinney-County-TX.pdf\">letter<\/a> to Kinney County, Texas officials regarding Kinney County&#8217;s reported tolerance of and cooperation with groups of armed private paramilitary organizations in connection with &#8220;Operation Lone Star.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>3\/31\/22 &#8211; ICAP Executive Director Mary McCord submitted an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2022\/04\/House-Select-Committee-ICAP-expert-statement-FINAL.pdf\">Expert Statement<\/a> for the House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol chronicling militia extremist activity leading up to, on, and after January 6; warning of continued infringement of constitutional rights by militia extremists going forward, and advocating for federal legislation to combat the threat.<\/li>\n<li>2\/7\/22 &#8211; Sent a letter to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2022\/02\/Stoel-ICAP-Letter-re-HB-475-FINAL.pdf\">Idaho state legislators<\/a>, in response to a proposed bill to repeal an Idaho law that prohibits unauthorized paramilitary organizations, advising that the existing law is consistent with the U.S. Constitution, the Idaho Constitution, and Idaho&#8217;s statutory regulation of the state militia and robust regulation of paramilitary and law enforcement activity<\/li>\n<li>1\/27\/22 &#8211; Sent a letter to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2022\/02\/2022.1.27-ICAP-Letter-Franklin-County-Board.pdf\">Franklin County<\/a>, Virginia, Board of Supervisors in response to a proposal to pass a resolution recognizing the Franklin County Militia, explaining that private paramilitary organizations and paramilitary activity are unauthorized by federal or state law and not protected by the Second Amendment<\/li>\n<li>9\/21\/21 &#8211; Filed a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2021\/09\/2021.09.21-Bruen-Amicus-FINAL.pdf\" aria-label=\"brief in the Supreme Court arguing that the Constitution permits certain restrictions on firearms possession designed to protect national security and public safety\">brief<\/a> in the Supreme Court arguing that the Constitution permits certain restrictions on firearms possession designed to protect national security and public safety<\/li>\n<li>6\/29\/21 &#8211; Published an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2021\/07\/McCord-Dispelling-the-Myth-of-the-Second-Amendment.pdf\">essay<\/a> with the Brennan Center explaining why private militias are unlawful in every state, not authorized under federal or state law, and not protected by the Second Amendment<\/li>\n<li>5\/26\/21 &#8211; ICAP Executive Director Mary McCord testified before Congress about the threat of private militias and advocated for a federal anti-militia law. Read the prepared testimony <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2021\/05\/2021.05.26-McCord-CRCL-Subcommittee-Hearing.pdf\" aria-label=\"Here: Mary McCord had the prepared testimony about the threat of private militias\">the prepared testimony<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=3vLi8cTef2c\" aria-label=\"Here: watch the hearing of House Committee on Oversight and Reform Subcommittee on Civil Rights and Civil Liberties hearing - Confronting Violent White Supremacy (Part V): Examining the Rise of Militia Extremism\">watch the hearing<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>3\/26\/21 &#8211; Sent a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2021\/03\/Texas_Letter-3.26.21.pdf\">follow-up letter to the Texas governor as well as state, local, and federal officials in Texas<\/a> urging action to address the growing threat posed by unlawful militia groups, including passing legislation to provide additional ways to combat unlawful paramilitary activity and to criminalize domestic terrorism<\/li>\n<li>1\/20\/21 &#8211; Sent a letter to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2021\/01\/Texas_Letter_1.20.21.pdf\">Texas governor as well as state, local, and federal officials in Texas<\/a> urging action to address the growing threat posed by unlawful militia groups, including passing legislation to provide additional ways to combat unlawful paramilitary activity and to criminalize domestic terrorism<\/li>\n<li>11\/20\/20 &#8211; Sent a letter to local officials in response to public concern over private paramilitary activity in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/11\/2020.11.20-ICAP-Letter-to-Georgia-and-Atlanta-officials.pdf\">Atlanta<\/a>, Georgia, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>11\/6\/20 &#8211; Sent a letter to local officials in response to public concern over private paramilitary activity in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/11\/ICAP-Vancouver-WA-letter-11-6-2020.pdf\">Vancouver<\/a>, Washington, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>11\/2\/20 &#8211; Sent a letter to local officials in the counties of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/11\/ICAP-Letter-to-Georgia-District-Attorneys-11-2-2020.pdf\">Dekalb, Fulton, Floyd, Laurens, Clayton, Bartow, Lowndes, Walker, and Hart<\/a>, Georgia, in response to public concern over private paramilitary activity and voter intimidation, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>11\/2\/20 &#8211; Sent a letter to local officials in response to public concern over private paramilitary activity and voter intimidation in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/11\/ICAP-Spokane-County-letter-11-2-2020.pdf\">Spokane County<\/a>, Washington, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>11\/2\/20 &#8211; Sent a letter to local officials in response to public concern over private paramilitary activity and voter intimidation in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/11\/ICAP-Lane-County-OR-letter-11-2-2020.pdf\">Lane County<\/a>, Oregon, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>10\/30\/20 &#8211; Sent a letter to local officials in response to public concern over private paramilitary activity and voter intimidation in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/10\/ICAP-Provo-letter-10-30-2020.pdf\">Provo<\/a>, Utah, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>10\/30\/20 &#8211; Sent a letter to local officials in response to public concern over private paramilitary activity and voter intimidation in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/10\/ICAP-Ada-County-letter-10-30-20.pdf\">Ada County<\/a>, Idaho, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>10\/29\/20 &#8211; Sent a letter to local officials in response to public concern over private paramilitary activity and voter intimidation in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/10\/ICAP-Reno-letter-10-29-2020.pdf\">Reno<\/a>, Nevada, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>10\/27\/20 &#8211; Sent a letter to local officials in response to public concern over private paramilitary activity and voter intimidation in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/10\/ICAP-Washington-County-letter-10-27-2020.pdf\">Washington County<\/a>, Utah, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>10\/23\/20 &#8211; Sent a letter to local officials in response to public concern over private paramilitary activity and voter intimidation in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/10\/ICAP-Letter-Montgomery-NY-10-23-20.pdf\">Montgomery<\/a>, New York, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>10\/23\/20 &#8211; Sent a letter to local officials in response to public concern over private paramilitary activity in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/10\/ICAP-Letter-to-Lakeland-FL-10-23-20.pdf\">Lakeland<\/a>, Florida, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>10\/23\/20 &#8211; Sent a letter to local officials in response to public concern over private paramilitary activity and voter intimidation in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/10\/ICAP-Erie-letter-pdf10-23-2020.pdf\">Erie<\/a>, Pennsylvania, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>9\/4\/20 &#8211; Sent a letter to local officials in response to private paramilitary activity in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/09\/2020.09.04_Weatherford.pdf\">Weatherford<\/a>, Texas, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>9\/2\/20 &#8211; Sent a letter to local officials in response to private paramilitary activity in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/09\/2020.09.02-Tyler-letter.pdf\">Tyler<\/a>, Texas, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>8\/26\/20 &#8211; Sent letters to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/08\/Kenosha-Letter-ICAP-08.26.20.pdf\" aria-label=\"letter to local officials in response to private paramilitary activity in Kenosha, Wisconsin, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity\">local officials<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/08\/Wis.-AG-Letter-ICAP-08.26.20.pdf\" aria-label=\"letter to Wisconsin Attorney General in response to private paramilitary activity in Kenosha, Wisconsin, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity\">Wisconsin Attorney General<\/a> in response to private paramilitary activity in Kenosha, Wisconsin, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>8\/21\/20 &#8211; Sent letters to local officials in response to private paramilitary activity in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/08\/2020.08.21_Elkton-letter.pdf\">Elkton<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/08\/2020.08.21_Broadway-letter.pdf\">Broadway<\/a>, Virginia, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>7\/29\/20 &#8211; Held a <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Tw9QKHmaROg\">launch event<\/a> for our <a href=\"https:\/\/constitutionalprotestguide.org\/\">toolkit<\/a> discussing legal principles, best practices, and creative solutions upon which local jurisdictions may draw to protect public safety while respecting constitutional rights during rallies, protests, and other public events<\/li>\n<li>7\/28\/20 &#8211; Sent a letter to local officials in response to private paramilitary activity in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/07\/2020.07.28-ICAP-Letter-Louisville.pdf\">Louisville<\/a>,\u00a0Kentucky, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>6\/25\/20 &#8211; Sent a letter to local officials in response to private paramilitary activity in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/06\/2020.06.25-ICAP-Coeur-dAlene-letter.pdf\">Coeur\u00a0d\u2019Alene<\/a>, Idaho, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>6\/19\/20 &#8211; Sent a letter to local officials in response to private paramilitary activity in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/06\/2020.06.19-ICAP-Letter-Bonner-County.pdf\">Bonner\u00a0County<\/a>, Idaho, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>6\/18\/20 &#8211; Sent a letter to local officials in response to private paramilitary activity in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/06\/2020.06.18-ICAP-Letter-Campbell-County.pdf\">Campbell\u00a0County<\/a>, Virginia, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>6\/17\/20 &#8211; Sent letters to local officials in response to private paramilitary activity in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/06\/2020.06.17-ICAP-Letter-Bedford-County.pdf\">Bedford\u00a0County<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/06\/2020.06.17-ICAP-Letter-Appomattox-County.pdf\">Appomattox\u00a0County<\/a>, Virginia, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>6\/11\/20 &#8211; Sent a letter to local officials in response to private paramilitary activity in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/06\/2020.06.11-ICAP-Letter-Altavista-VA-.pdf\">Altavista<\/a>, Virginia, advising of applicable state law provisions against such activity<\/li>\n<li>1\/8\/20 &#8211; Published an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/outlook\/2020\/01\/08\/second-amendment-sanctuaries-will-never-hold-up-court\">op-ed<\/a> laying out the reasons why a recent movement by local governments to declare themselves Second Amendment \u201csanctuaries\u201d is legally dubious<\/li>\n<li>10\/2\/19 &#8211; Published an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lawfareblog.com\/armed-militias-are-taking-trumps-civil-war-tweets-seriously\" aria-label=\"op-ed calling attention to militia groups emboldened by the president's statements and in violation of state and federal laws\">op-ed<\/a> calling attention to militia groups emboldened by the president&#8217;s statements and in violation of state and federal laws<\/li>\n<li>8\/18\/19 &#8211; Published an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.richmond.com\/opinion\/their-opinion\/mary-b-mccord-column-private-militias-must-stop-pretending-to\/article_f3bda4e6-39a6-5079-b145-395157a51fa5.html\" aria-label=\"op-ed describing how state and federal law prohibits private militias from operating outside of state authority\">op-ed<\/a> describing how state and federal law prohibits private militias from operating outside of state authority<\/li>\n<li>7\/1\/19 &#8211; Published an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/outlook\/2019\/07\/01\/armed-militias-are-breaking-law-border-patrol-might-be-too\/\" aria-label=\"op-ed highlighting how federal law prohibits private militias from assuming the duty of Border Patrol officers\">op-ed<\/a> highlighting how federal law prohibits private militias from assuming the duty of Border Patrol officers<\/li>\n<li>1\/2\/19 &#8211; Published an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/62056\/approach-charlottesville-violence-protects-public-safety-preserving-rights\/\" aria-label=\"op-ed outlining how local jurisdictions can protect public safety at protests and rallies while preserving constitutional rights\">op-ed<\/a>\u00a0outlining how local jurisdictions can protect public safety at protests and rallies while preserving constitutional rights<\/li>\n<li>11\/12\/18 &#8211; Submitted a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2020\/01\/McCord-ICAP-Statement-on-Portland-Ordinance-11-12-18.pdf\">statement<\/a> supporting a proposed Portland, Oregon, ordinance authorizing content-neutral time, place, and manner regulations for demonstrations held in the city<\/li>\n<li>11\/7\/18 &#8211; Published an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2018\/11\/07\/opinions\/border-state-governors-should-stop-militias-mccord\/index.html\" aria-label=\"op-ed calling on border state governors to use their state laws to stop the private militias from deploying to the border to \u201cassist\u201d the U.S. military and Customs and Border Patrol\">op-ed<\/a>\u00a0calling on border state governors to use their state laws to stop the private militias from deploying to the border to \u201cassist\u201d the U.S. military and Customs and Border Patrol<\/li>\n<li>8\/10\/18 &#8211; Published an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/outlook\/this-legal-tactic-can-keep-neo-nazi-protests-out-of-your-city\/2018\/08\/10\/c80bc240-9c07-11e8-8d5e-c6c594024954_story.html?utm_term=.0221e86a0da5\" aria-label=\"op-ed in the Washington Post with the former mayor of Charlottesville explaining how local jurisdictions around the country can use existing constitutional provisions and state laws to prevent unauthorized paramilitary activity\">op-ed<\/a>\u00a0in the Washington Post with the former mayor of Charlottesville explaining how local jurisdictions around the country can use existing constitutional provisions and state laws to prevent unauthorized paramilitary activity<\/li>\n<li>8\/9\/18 &#8211; Filed an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2018\/08\/Final-McCord-declaration.pdf\">expert declaration<\/a>\u00a0identifying threats to national security, law enforcement, and foreign policy posed by widespread availability of code for 3D-printed guns<\/li>\n<li>2\/8\/18 &#8211; Released a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2024\/02\/50-state-survey-v4-FIN.pdf\">50 State Catalog<\/a>\u00a0of laws prohibiting private armies at public rallies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>After the August 2017 \u201cUnite the Right\u201d rally in Charlottesville led to violence and death, we at ICAP concluded that private paramilitary activity was at the core of the weekend\u2019s [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":100,"featured_media":0,"parent":38,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"footnotes":"","_tec_slr_enabled":"","_tec_slr_layout":""},"class_list":["post-300","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"ticketed":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/300","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/100"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=300"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/300\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5373,"href":"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/300\/revisions\/5373"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/38"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/icap\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=300"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}