{"id":1050,"date":"2023-01-30T14:20:10","date_gmt":"2023-01-30T19:20:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/international-law-journal\/?page_id=1050"},"modified":"2025-12-19T13:13:44","modified_gmt":"2025-12-19T18:13:44","slug":"the-year-in-international-trade-law-challenges-and-reform","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/international-law-journal\/in-print\/volume-52\/volume-52-number-3-spring-2021\/the-year-in-international-trade-law-challenges-and-reform\/","title":{"rendered":"The Year in International Trade Law: Challenges and Reform"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>It has been another tumultuous year for international trade policy. In the United States, an aggressively mercantilist Trump Administration has been replaced by a new, more internationalist Biden Administration. This regime change has been received hopefully by many, both in the United States and elsewhere, who feared that Trump\u2019s confrontational and unilateralist approach to trade policy might deal a fatal blow to the rules-based multilateral trading system.<\/p>\n<p>Despite the more diplomatic tone in Washington, the underlying conditions that fueled the Trump trade agenda\u2014the rise of China, growing income inequality and economic insecurity in the West, and doubts about the benefits of an open trading system\u2014remain unchanged.\n\t\t<span class='js-footnote footnote'>\n\t\t\t<button type='button' aria-controls='abstract_footnote_1050_1' class='footnote_inline_btn js-footnote-toggle-btn' aria-describedby='footnote_btn_text_abstract_footnote_1050_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<sup class='footnote_inline_btn_number'>1<\/sup>\n\t\t\t\t<span id='footnote_btn_text_abstract_footnote_1050_1' class='visually_hide'>Open footnote #1<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\n\t\t\t<cite id='abstract_footnote_1050_1' class='footnote_content_cite js-footnote-content'>\n\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content_wrap'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class='footnote_content_number js-footnote-toggle-btn' aria-controls='abstract_footnote_1050_1' tabindex='-1'>1<\/button>\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content_wrap_inner'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='visually_hide'>Footnote #1 content: <\/span><em>See, e.g.<\/em>, Don Lee, <em>Trump and Biden on trade: Same diagnosis, different prescription<\/em>, L.A. TIMES (Oct. 5, 2020), https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/politics\/story\/2020-08-19\/trump-biden-trade-policy.\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_close_btn_wrap'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class='footnote_close_btn js-footnote-close-btn' aria-label='Back to content'>close<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/cite>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t Further, the dissatisfaction in many developed nations about the operation of the current trading system, and the populism which accompanies it, finds a counterpart in much of the developing world, even if the diagnosis of the problems differs significantly.<\/p>\n<p>In these circumstances, the debate now raging about the future of the international trading system has two dimensions. First, trade policy-makers, and of course international trade lawyers, are wrestling with the fallout from decisions taken over the past few years and their implications. Can ongoing U.S.-China trade tensions be managed, and how? Will the increasing reliance on national security-justified measures be controlled, and what role can international rules play in this regard? What will Britain\u2019s role in the international trading community look like, post Brexit? What is the future of investor-state dispute settlement?<\/p>\n<p>Second, policymakers are working towards a reform agenda that many consider necessary to revitalizing the rules-based international trading system. What reforms are required to restore the World Trade Organization (WTO) to its central place in the trading system? Here, WTO Members speak\u2014with widely varying emphasis\u2014about new rules in areas like digital trade, the restoration of a binding dispute settlement system, and changes to the rulebook to reflect the increased eco-nomic power and responsibilities of emerging economies like China.\n\t\t<span class='js-footnote footnote'>\n\t\t\t<button type='button' aria-controls='abstract_footnote_1050_2' class='footnote_inline_btn js-footnote-toggle-btn' aria-describedby='footnote_btn_text_abstract_footnote_1050_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<sup class='footnote_inline_btn_number'>2<\/sup>\n\t\t\t\t<span id='footnote_btn_text_abstract_footnote_1050_2' class='visually_hide'>Open footnote #2<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\n\t\t\t<cite id='abstract_footnote_1050_2' class='footnote_content_cite js-footnote-content'>\n\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content_wrap'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class='footnote_content_number js-footnote-toggle-btn' aria-controls='abstract_footnote_1050_2' tabindex='-1'>2<\/button>\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content_wrap_inner'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='visually_hide'>Footnote #2 content: <\/span><em>See, e.g.<\/em>, <em>Annex to the Communication from the Commission, Trade Policy Review &#8211; An Open, Sustainable and Assertive Trade Policy<\/em>, COM (2021) 66 final (Feb. 18, 2021), https:\/\/trade.ec. europa.eu\/doclib\/docs\/2021\/february\/tradoc_159439.pdf.\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_close_btn_wrap'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class='footnote_close_btn js-footnote-close-btn' aria-label='Back to content'>close<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/cite>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t If the WTO cannot rise to the task, what are the roles for plurilateral, regional, and bilateral agreements? And regardless of the forum, how can non-trade concerns, such as labor rights and environment, be fully reflected in a new system?<\/p>\n<p>No single edition of a law journal, however ambitious, could begin to address the range of issues described above. However, all four of the articles in this edition of the <em>Georgetown Journal of International Law<\/em> dedicated to international trade law, and both of the remarkable student notes that won awards in this year\u2019s John D. Greenwald Writing Competition, speak to aspects of these challenges.<\/p>\n<p>Few trade experts would dispute that accommodating the rise of China to economic superpower status is one of the greatest, if not the greatest, challenges facing the trading system. As Chinese enterprises surge to prominence in one sector after another, international competitors, and the system as a whole, struggle to adapt. A debate rages between advocates of engagement and reform versus those who sup-port \u201cdecoupling.\u201d\n\t\t<span class='js-footnote footnote'>\n\t\t\t<button type='button' aria-controls='abstract_footnote_1050_3' class='footnote_inline_btn js-footnote-toggle-btn' aria-describedby='footnote_btn_text_abstract_footnote_1050_3'>\n\t\t\t\t<sup class='footnote_inline_btn_number'>3<\/sup>\n\t\t\t\t<span id='footnote_btn_text_abstract_footnote_1050_3' class='visually_hide'>Open footnote #3<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\n\t\t\t<cite id='abstract_footnote_1050_3' class='footnote_content_cite js-footnote-content'>\n\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content_wrap'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class='footnote_content_number js-footnote-toggle-btn' aria-controls='abstract_footnote_1050_3' tabindex='-1'>3<\/button>\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content_wrap_inner'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='visually_hide'>Footnote #3 content: <\/span><em>See, e.g<\/em>., Keith Johnson &amp; Robbie Gramer, <em>The Great Decoupling<\/em>, FOREIGN POLICY (May 14, 2020), https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2020\/05\/14\/china-us-pandemic-economy-tensions-trump- coronavirus-covid-new-cold-war-economics-the-great-decoupling\/.\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_close_btn_wrap'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class='footnote_close_btn js-footnote-close-btn' aria-label='Back to content'>close<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/cite>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t In this context, the late Professor Kevin J. Fandl\u2019s article, <em>Is China\u2019s Rise the WTO\u2019s Demise?<\/em> is a plea to preserve the role of the WTO in international economic governance. Fandl makes a convincing case that neither the United States nor China would be well served by abandoning the WTO in favor a unilateral approach to inter-national trade relations.<\/p>\n<p>However compelling Professor Fandl\u2019s arguments, the Trump Administration relied heavily on unilateral instruments, including the United States Trade Representative\u2019s Section 301 investigations culminating in massive reciprocal sanctions between the United States and China, and frequently resorted to national security-based measures under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act. In a useful reminder that the world does not revolve around the United States, WTO standards for invoking the national security exception in Article XXI of GATT 1994 have been articulated first in disputes involving Russia\/ Ukraine\n\t\t<span class='js-footnote footnote'>\n\t\t\t<button type='button' aria-controls='abstract_footnote_1050_4' class='footnote_inline_btn js-footnote-toggle-btn' aria-describedby='footnote_btn_text_abstract_footnote_1050_4'>\n\t\t\t\t<sup class='footnote_inline_btn_number'>4<\/sup>\n\t\t\t\t<span id='footnote_btn_text_abstract_footnote_1050_4' class='visually_hide'>Open footnote #4<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\n\t\t\t<cite id='abstract_footnote_1050_4' class='footnote_content_cite js-footnote-content'>\n\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content_wrap'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class='footnote_content_number js-footnote-toggle-btn' aria-controls='abstract_footnote_1050_4' tabindex='-1'>4<\/button>\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content_wrap_inner'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='visually_hide'>Footnote #4 content: <\/span>Panel Report, <em>Russia\u2013Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit<\/em>, WTO Doc. WT\/DS512\/7\n(adopted Apr. 29, 2019).\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_close_btn_wrap'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class='footnote_close_btn js-footnote-close-btn' aria-label='Back to content'>close<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/cite>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t and Qatar\/Saudi Arabia.\n\t\t<span class='js-footnote footnote'>\n\t\t\t<button type='button' aria-controls='abstract_footnote_1050_5' class='footnote_inline_btn js-footnote-toggle-btn' aria-describedby='footnote_btn_text_abstract_footnote_1050_5'>\n\t\t\t\t<sup class='footnote_inline_btn_number'>5<\/sup>\n\t\t\t\t<span id='footnote_btn_text_abstract_footnote_1050_5' class='visually_hide'>Open footnote #5<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\n\t\t\t<cite id='abstract_footnote_1050_5' class='footnote_content_cite js-footnote-content'>\n\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content_wrap'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class='footnote_content_number js-footnote-toggle-btn' aria-controls='abstract_footnote_1050_5' tabindex='-1'>5<\/button>\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content_wrap_inner'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='visually_hide'>Footnote #5 content: <\/span>Panel Report, <em>Saudi Arabia\u2013Measures Concerning the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights<\/em>,\nWTO Doc. WT\/DS567\/8 (adopted June 16, 2020).\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_close_btn_wrap'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class='footnote_close_btn js-footnote-close-btn' aria-label='Back to content'>close<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/cite>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t An insightful note by Georgetown Law student Jacob Gladysz, <em>The National Security Exception in WTO Law: Emerging Jurisprudence and Future Direction<\/em>, analyzes the outcomes in those disputes and seeks to apply the lessons learned to the U.S. invocation of Section 232.<\/p>\n<p>While the Trump Administration\u2019s flirtation with unilateralism played out in the United States, across the Atlantic Britain\u2019s long process of disengagement from the European Union (EU) also reached its climax. Arguably, phenomena similar to those fueling U.S. behavior explain Brexit\u2014populism fed by income inequality, discontent with the effects of economic integration, a desire to protect national sovereignty, and a general turning inward by people distrustful of international institutions\u2014and perhaps of things foreign more generally. In any event, Girish Deepak\u2019s article on <em>Brexit \u2013 The Legal Intricacies in Rolling Over EU PTAs<\/em> picks apart just one of the many challenges faced by the United Kingdom as it seeks to chart its own course as an independent actor in international economic relations.<\/p>\n<p>If trade agreements have been increasingly questioned, international investment agreements have arguably drawn greater skepticism. The frequency with which such agreements have been invoked with respect to countries\u2019 internal regulatory schemes, including in respect to health (<em>Australia\u2014Plain Packaging<\/em>) and environment (such as with respect to the construction of the Keystone pipeline),\n\t\t<span class='js-footnote footnote'>\n\t\t\t<button type='button' aria-controls='abstract_footnote_1050_6' class='footnote_inline_btn js-footnote-toggle-btn' aria-describedby='footnote_btn_text_abstract_footnote_1050_6'>\n\t\t\t\t<sup class='footnote_inline_btn_number'>6<\/sup>\n\t\t\t\t<span id='footnote_btn_text_abstract_footnote_1050_6' class='visually_hide'>Open footnote #6<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\n\t\t\t<cite id='abstract_footnote_1050_6' class='footnote_content_cite js-footnote-content'>\n\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content_wrap'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class='footnote_content_number js-footnote-toggle-btn' aria-controls='abstract_footnote_1050_6' tabindex='-1'>6<\/button>\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content_wrap_inner'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='visually_hide'>Footnote #6 content: <\/span><em>See<\/em> Gavin Bade, <em>Keystone XL builder seeks $15B in USMCA action<\/em>, POLITICO (July 6, 2021), https:\/\/www.politico.com\/newsletters\/weekly-trade\/2021\/07\/06\/keystone-xl-builder-seeks-15b- in-usmca-action-796318.\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_close_btn_wrap'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class='footnote_close_btn js-footnote-close-btn' aria-label='Back to content'>close<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/cite>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t has made them lightning rods for criticism. There have thus been numerous efforts to reform investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), both multilaterally and in preferential trade agreements (PTAs) such as the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement and other EU free trade agreements (FTAs), while in the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), the United States has responded by scaling back access to ISDS altogether. In <em>Beyond State Freedom and International Discipline? Questioning the Place of International Investment Law in Conflict and Post-Conflict Settings<\/em>, Joshua Poon digs deep into this debate in the specific context of conflict and post-conflict states.<\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile, longstanding calls for international trade and investment rules to take greater account of non-trade values, such as labor rights and environmental protection, have gained traction.\n\t\t<span class='js-footnote footnote'>\n\t\t\t<button type='button' aria-controls='abstract_footnote_1050_7' class='footnote_inline_btn js-footnote-toggle-btn' aria-describedby='footnote_btn_text_abstract_footnote_1050_7'>\n\t\t\t\t<sup class='footnote_inline_btn_number'>7<\/sup>\n\t\t\t\t<span id='footnote_btn_text_abstract_footnote_1050_7' class='visually_hide'>Open footnote #7<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\n\t\t\t<cite id='abstract_footnote_1050_7' class='footnote_content_cite js-footnote-content'>\n\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content_wrap'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class='footnote_content_number js-footnote-toggle-btn' aria-controls='abstract_footnote_1050_7' tabindex='-1'>7<\/button>\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content_wrap_inner'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='visually_hide'>Footnote #7 content: <\/span><em>See, e.g.<\/em>, Andrea Shalal, <em>USTR Tai calls for bold action to put climate at center of trade policy<\/em>, REUTERS (Apr. 15, 2021), https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/environment\/us-trade-chief-tai- says-climate-key-priority-trade-policy-2021-04-15\/.\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_close_btn_wrap'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class='footnote_close_btn js-footnote-close-btn' aria-label='Back to content'>close<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/cite>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t In the United States, substantially strengthened labor rights provisions were a condition for a new USMCA, while the EU now insists on Trade and Sustainable Development chapters in its new FTAs and, most recently, in its pending Comprehensive Agreement on Investment with China.\n\t\t<span class='js-footnote footnote'>\n\t\t\t<button type='button' aria-controls='abstract_footnote_1050_8' class='footnote_inline_btn js-footnote-toggle-btn' aria-describedby='footnote_btn_text_abstract_footnote_1050_8'>\n\t\t\t\t<sup class='footnote_inline_btn_number'>8<\/sup>\n\t\t\t\t<span id='footnote_btn_text_abstract_footnote_1050_8' class='visually_hide'>Open footnote #8<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\n\t\t\t<cite id='abstract_footnote_1050_8' class='footnote_content_cite js-footnote-content'>\n\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content_wrap'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class='footnote_content_number js-footnote-toggle-btn' aria-controls='abstract_footnote_1050_8' tabindex='-1'>8<\/button>\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content_wrap_inner'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='visually_hide'>Footnote #8 content: <\/span><em>See<\/em> GISELA GRIEGER, EUR. PARLIAMENTARY RES. SERV., PE 679.103, EU-CHINA COMPREHENSIVE AGREEMENT ON INVESTMENT: LEVELLING THE PLAYING FIELD WITH CHINA 6 (2021), https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/RegData\/etudes\/BRIE\/2021\/679103\/EPRS_BRI(2021)679103_EN.pdf.\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_close_btn_wrap'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class='footnote_close_btn js-footnote-close-btn' aria-label='Back to content'>close<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/cite>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t Notably, labor rights provisions in FTAs, including critical scope provisions, have been subject to dispute settlement in both the United States (with Guatemala) and EU (with Korea)\n\t\t<span class='js-footnote footnote'>\n\t\t\t<button type='button' aria-controls='abstract_footnote_1050_9' class='footnote_inline_btn js-footnote-toggle-btn' aria-describedby='footnote_btn_text_abstract_footnote_1050_9'>\n\t\t\t\t<sup class='footnote_inline_btn_number'>9<\/sup>\n\t\t\t\t<span id='footnote_btn_text_abstract_footnote_1050_9' class='visually_hide'>Open footnote #9<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\n\t\t\t<cite id='abstract_footnote_1050_9' class='footnote_content_cite js-footnote-content'>\n\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content_wrap'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class='footnote_content_number js-footnote-toggle-btn' aria-controls='abstract_footnote_1050_9' tabindex='-1'>9<\/button>\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content_wrap_inner'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_content'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='visually_hide'>Footnote #9 content: <\/span>Panel of Experts Proceeding Constituted Under Article 13.15 of the EU-Korea Free Trade Agreement, <em>Report of the Panel of Experts<\/em> (Jan. 20, 2021), https:\/\/trade.ec.europa.eu\/doclib\/docs\/ 2021\/january\/tradoc_159358.pdf.\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='footnote_close_btn_wrap'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button type='button' class='footnote_close_btn js-footnote-close-btn' aria-label='Back to content'>close<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/cite>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t FTAs. In F<em>it for Purpose? The Extent of International Trade Agreement Obligations After the Guatemala \u2013 Labor Obligations Decision<\/em>, Kevin Banks makes the case that USMCA may set normative ground rules for an integrated economic space to address systemic labor rights problems, rules that have implications for under-standing other U.S. FTA provision in this area.<\/p>\n<p>On the environmental front, meanwhile, efforts continue to demonstrate that international trade rules can not only accommodate, but also advance, the international environmental agenda. While climate change has risen to ever greater prominence, and related efforts to dis-cipline fossil fuel subsidies gain greater attention, one of the world\u2019s longest-standing negotiations regarding harmful fisheries subsidies remains blocked nearly twenty years after its launch at the WTO\u2019s Doha Ministerial in 2001. In F<em>ishing for Answers: The WTO\u2019s Search for Fishing Disciplines and Sustainable Stocks<\/em>, John D. Greenwald Writing Competition first-place winner Stephen Floyd argues that, in the absence of a mean-ingful outcome in these negotiations, continued subsidies will further deplete global fish stocks, diminish confidence in the multilateral system, and contribute to a less secure world order.<\/p>\n<p>However difficult these turbulent times may be, they make for interesting reading. I hope you will enjoy exploring this edition of the <em>Georgetown Journal of International Law<\/em> as much as I have.<\/p>\n<p>Download <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/international-law-journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2021\/12\/GT-GJIL210001.pdf\">The Year in International Trade Law: Challenges and Reform<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It has been another tumultuous year for international trade policy. In the United States, an aggressively mercantilist Trump Administration has been replaced by a new, more internationalist Biden Administration. 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