The right to access government information is a foundational element of a democratic society, protected in the United States by the Freedom of Information Act, or FOIA. But agencies cannot be left to administer their transparency obligations unchecked; political motives and institutional protectionism will inevitably sway agencies to overwithhold information from the public. While FOIA delegates responsibility for oversight of transparency obligations to the Judiciary, courts have failed to provide meaningful recourse for violations, creating few incentives to fully comply with the law. Democratic accountability suffers from this massive and largely unchecked practice of excess government secrecy.

This Article calls for the creation of an independent administrative agency, styled as an information commission, to enforce transparency obligations. An independent information commission would be far superior to judicial review. A well-designed commission would increase the availability of review of agency decisions to withhold information from the public, the quality of that review, and the scope of enforcement activities needed to effectively tilt agencies toward open, transparent governance. Building on the literature on effective agency design, this Article suggests ways the commission could be structured to safeguard its independence and argues that such an institution is essential to protecting democracy.

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