Bioethics and the Law in Legal Comparative Perspective
Simona Novaretti, University of Torino

The course aims to define the complex relations among law, ethics and the body in different legal cultural settings, through a comparison among international, Euro-American (“Western”) and Asian (“Eastern”) legal patterns and attitudes.

In particular, the course analyses the impact of philosophical and religious traditions on the development of the concept of physical body and of the events related to it, such as birth, life, suffering (physical pain), and death in different area of the world. Then, it explores if and how the interplay among diverse moral principles have affected the way in which biotechnological innovations have been received and regulated by international and national legal systems. The course deals with topics such as assisted procreation, gestational surrogacy, abortion, organ transplantation, genetic engineering, cloning, medical ethics, animal testing and euthanasia. Each issue will be analysed using the tools of comparative law, to understand whether friction points in regulating the biosciences exist, both theoretically and operationally, among different legal traditions and legal systems within them, and how they look like.

2 Credits. Evaluation: Weekly class activities and response papers (60%), Final paper (max 3,000 words) and its presentation in class or a short video presentation (40%).

Comparing Financial Regulatory Architectures in Federal States: the USA and the EU as Examples
Alexander Türk, King’s College London

This course explores the financial regulatory architecture of the European Union and the United States. This is an area, in which the EU has only recently asserted more centralised control, mainly due to the financial problems of financial institutions and Member States following the recent financial crisis. A comparison with the more established regulatory regime for financial services in the US will highlight the differences and similarities of both systems.

The course will focus on the regulatory architecture of financial regulation in the US and the EU. We will first discuss the evolution of financial regulation in the US, which over time has created a multitude of federal regulators (such as the SEC, the OCC, or the Federal Reserve Board) with considerable powers of rule-making, supervision and enforcement. We will then sketch out the regulatory frameworks and regulatory perimeter of US financial regulation. This will be followed by an introduction of US banking and securities regulation as well as the regulation of financial conglomerates, before examining in more detail supervisory and enforcement powers of federal and state agencies in these fields. We will then compare the US system with the new institutional architecture of the European Supervisory Authorities, as well as the regulatory and enforcement tools at their disposal. We will begin by looking at the evolution of EU financial regulation, before considering in more detail the Union’s regime of law-making, administrative ruling-making, supervision and enforcement of EU financial services. This will also include a discussion of the Single Supervisory Mechanism as one aspect of the EU’s banking union. We will pay particular attention to how the respective regulatory regimes have evolved following the changes brought about by the financial crisis of 2008. This will allow us then to draw some conclusions as to the idiosyncratic differences of both legal systems and areas of alignment in their respective structures.”

Required textbooks (available from King’s College London Library):
M.S, Barr, H.E. Jackson, M.E. Tahyar, Financial Regulation: Law and Policy (Foundation Press, 3^rd ed., 2021).
N. Moloney, EU Securities and Financial Markets Regulation, (OUP, 3^rd edn., 2014).

3 Credits. Evaluation: Class participation (20%), Final take-home exam (8 hours) (2,500 words) (80%).

EU Law
Giovanni Gruni, ESADE Law School

The European Union (EU) is a family of liberal democratic countries, acting collectively through an institutionalized system of decision-making. The EU was set up as a consequence of the negative experiences of the founding member states during and in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War. The objective of peace went hand in hand with a desire to ensure that Europe was able to get back on its feet economically after 1945. Although the EU has changed dramatically since the early days of the Community, growth and employment remain at the top of the EU’s agenda. This course will review in depth the origins, evolution, structure and current challenges of the European integration project.

Required textbook: Karen Davies, Understanding European Union Law (Routledge).

2 Credits. Evaluation: Class participation (20%), Final take-home exam (8 hours) (2,500 words) (80%).

Global Contract Law and the Digital Economy
Pascal Pichonnaz, University of Fribourg

One of the six priorities of the European Union is an EU digital strategy to ensure a digital transition empowering people and businesses with the new digital technology. Law is part of the framework of this strategy. Contract law plays an important role in this respect. Some hard laws, but also some soft laws intend to create the conditions for the Digital Economy to function. The course will discuss some of these important documents, such as the new Digital Services Act, which will affect the digital commerce, or the new Omnibus Directive, but also soft laws such as the ALI-ELI Principles for a Data Economy: Data Transactions and Data Rights, which tackle all important contracts linked to the data economy, as well as some very recent Principles on automated contracting and digital assets as securities.

2 Credits. Evaluation: Class participation (30%), Final take-home exam (8 hours) (70%).

International Human Rights Law
Yuval Shany, Hebrew University of Jerusalem

The course proceeds in three segments. The first segment introduces the idea of human rights from an historical, philosophical, analytical and critical perspective. The focus of this segment is on the development of international human rights law within the UN system and its implications for international law and politics. The second and main segment of the course is devoted to the study of key international human rights notions and concepts and their application in specific human rights instruments and contexts. Among the issues discussed in this segment are right relativism/absolutism, extra-territorial application of human rights, positive/negative obligations, derogations and reservations, interplay between different rights, group rights, digital human rights and the application of human rights at times of war.  The third and last segment of the course explores the right enforcement mechanisms that have been put in place at the global, regional and national levels.

3 Credits. Evaluation: Final take-home exam (8 hours) (100%), Students who actively participate in class discussion in a manner that demonstrate deep familiarity with the assigned reading materials and the class materials, may get a bonus of up to 0.5 points.

Introduction to Chinese Law
Simona Novaretti, University of Torino

The course provides an overview of the basic institutions of legal system that is operating in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the fundamental concepts in the core areas of Chinese Law. The emphasis of the teaching is not on the “black letter law” but it is on the distinctive features of the Chinese legal system and major similarities and differences between this system and Euro-American legal systems.

2 Credits. Evaluation: Class participation (30%), Research paper (4,000 words) on a topic related to the course (70%).

Law and Revolution
Hamish Stewart, University of Toronto

What is the relationship between the idea of legal order and the idea of revolution – the (frequently violent) replacement of one legal order with another? Some have argued that by its nature a legal order cannot contemplate being replaced, while others have argued that the possibility of revolution is the ultimate guarantee of the rights of the people. This seminar course will explore a number of questions related to this debate. How can law contemplate the possibility of revolution? Can a revolution be brought about in accordance with law or in the service of legal values? Do legal values have any relevance in revolutionary situations? How can law understand a non-violent revolution? What is the relevance of pre-revolutionary law in a post-revolutionary legal order? What, if anything, does revolution do to law? Can thinking about revolutions teach us anything about the nature of law? Is there any difference between revolution and the exercise of constituent power? Readings may include, among others, texts by Locke, Kant, Marx, Luxemburg, Lukács, Pashukanis, Weil, Kelsen, Schmitt, Derrida, Mouffe, and MacKinnon.

2 Credits. Evaluation: Contributions to classroom discussion (10%), five 250-word (one-page) comments on the readings (25%), and a final paper of 3,500 to 4,000 words (excluding footnotes), involving careful reading of a text that was not assigned for the class (65%).

ONE-PLUS OPTION:

For 1 extra credit, a limited number of students who need to fulfill a graduation requirement at their home university may write a major research paper. To obtain the extra credit, the student must (a) turn in a written outline of the paper for faculty comment relatively early in the semester, (b) turn in a complete first draft for faculty comment two-thirds of the way through the semester, and (c) write a paper of 6,000 words, not including footnotes.

Please note that this course has been approved as a WR course for Georgetown students.

Technology Platform Governance in Global Perspective
Julie Cohen, Georgetown Law Center

This course will focus on the political economy, governance, and legal regulation of global technology platform giants. After providing an introduction to the structure and operation of technology platforms, it will draw upon case studies from different parts of the globe that highlight, among others: issues relating to searching for, retrieving, and removing content from platforms; issues relating to the misuses of social media to influence elections and inflame public opinion; the ways that platform operations challenge existing legal frameworks for privacy and data protection; the ways that platform-provided services challenge existing legal frameworks for competition, consumer protection, and financial regulation; platform entanglement with policing and state security; and new proposals for platform regulation prompted by the movement for algorithmic fairness, accountability, and transparency.

2 Credits. Evaluation: Class participation (20%), Four long (1000-1200 words) reaction posts (80%). Evaluation for students taking the one-plus option: Class participation (20%), Four short (400-500 words) reaction posts (20%), First draft of research paper (20%), Final draft of research paper (40%).

ONE-PLUS OPTION:

For 1 extra credit, a limited number of students who need to fulfill a graduation requirement at their home university may write a major research paper. To obtain the extra credit, the student must (a) turn in a written outline of the paper for faculty comment relatively early in the semester, (b) turn in a complete first draft for faculty comment two-thirds of the way through the semester, and (c) write a paper of 6,000 words, not including footnotes.

Please note that this course has been approved as a WR course for Georgetown students.

World Trade Law
Giovanni Gruni, ESADE Law School

World trade law is the body of international laws underpinning international economic exchanges between States. From an embryonic system of rules created after World War II to deal mainly with customs duties on goods, world trade law blossomed into an extensive apparatus of norms including not only free movement of goods and services but also intellectual property rights, food safety, public intervention into the economy and many other areas of regulation. Notably, world trade law is endowed with an exceptionally efficient dispute settlement mechanism, the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO), which distinguishes itself for its automatic jurisdiction on all matters related to WTO covered agreements. The WTO itself is a complex international organisation created in 1995 which is playing a pivotal role in shaping the rules and policies governing globalisation.

This course is an introduction to the law of the WTO in all its substantive, procedural and institutional elements. The course starts with an overview of the history of world trade law since the end of World War II to the creation of the WTO via the extensive legal developments happened in lengthy international negotiations called “Rounds” (1). The course then delves into the details of WTO institutional design (2) and of selected areas of WTO law and practice: the GATT and free movement of goods (3), the GATS and free movement of services (4), Trade in agriculture and food (5), Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (6), Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) (7), Subsidies (8) and trade remedies (9). A final session will be dedicated to recent challenges which the WTO is facing because of the collapse of the Doha Round, the increasing utilisation of free trade agreements and mounting political opposition all around the world (10).

Required textbook: P. Van den Bossche and D. Prevost, Essentials of WTO Law (Cambridge University Press) It must be the second edition.

2 Credits. Evaluation: Class participation (20%), Final take-home exam (8 hours) (2,500 words) (80%).

An Introduction to the Law of the EU Internal Market
Luca Rubini, University of Torino

The goal of this module is to introduce students to the law of the most successful single market in the world. This will be done in two steps.

Part I of the module will provide an introduction to the key tenets of the EU internal market. After a brief introduction of the goals of EU integration and of its constitutional structure, with a special emphasis given to the twin principles of direct effect and supremacy, the module will focus on the key tenets of the EU internal market. Topics covered will include the initial creation of a customs union (completed by 1968) and the progressive creation of a true common and internal market. This will  include the analysis of the four economic freedoms (goods, services, capital, labour), of the concept of citizenship, and of the harmonising powers of the EU.

Building on the knowledge of Part I, Part II will be devoted to a critical understanding of some of the current challenges of the EU internal market (such as competitiveness concerns, climate change, energy security) which, somewhat paradoxically, often involve the “external side” of this market.

The teaching will be based on the analysis of primary sources (treaty text, secondary legislation, case-law) as well as selected literature. Rather than aiming at comprehensiveness, the module aims at nurturing a critical understanding of some of the key issues.

2 Credits. Evaluation: Attendance and class participation (30%), Final research paper (4,000 words) (70%).

ONE-PLUS OPTION:

For 1 extra credit, a limited number of students who need to fulfill a graduation requirement at their home university may write a major research paper. To obtain the extra credit, the student must (a) turn in a written outline of the paper for faculty comment relatively early in the semester, (b) turn in a complete first draft for faculty comment two-thirds of the way through the semester, and (c) write a paper of 6,000 words, not including footnotes.

Please note that this course has not yet been approved as a WR course for Georgetown students.

Insurance Law
Özlem Gürses, King’s College London

London insurers insure risks not only in the UK but abroad. Insurance may be obtained from London for, eg, hurricanes in the USA, bush fires in California, oil and gas operations in Asia or Africa of in the Middle East, or cargoes transported between different continents. Moreover, the London insurers support overseas local insurers through ‘reinsurance’, namely insurance of insurance companies. Where, for instance, only local insurers are allowed to insure local risks, reinsurance enables them to expand their business capacity and insure risks which otherwise they would not be able to undertake.

Unlike many other legal areas, English insurance law has influenced over centuries the principles of insurance in several different parts of the World including the Commonwealth countries, the USA, and Europe. It is not therefore surprising that in a code-based legal system, in order to determine, for instance, the test applicable to find out what caused the insured loss, guidance may be sought from English law – as the most detailed guidance is to be found there.

London insurance market is also the leading market in transport and especially marine insurance. Transnational transactions are often insured by London insurers who select English law as the applicable law to the contract.

The fundamental principles of insurance law will not change dramatically from one legal system to another. In every jurisdiction some certain types of insurance will be compulsory (eg motor vehicle compulsory liability insurance), every insurance will be subject to the duty of fair presentation of the risk, when insurer compensates the assured the insurer will subrogate into the assured’s rights towards another who is liable for the loss. Some details in the application of these fundamental principles may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but the main principles, their meaning and purpose and how they operate are similar.

This course aims to teach the general principles of insurance law and how they apply to different types of insurance covers. How an insurance contract is formed in the London market, how overseas brokers are involved in the contract formation process, whether overseas or local, what duties insurance brokers owe to their clients, how the regulators in different jurisdictions try to find balance between the assured and the insurer, the rules determine what caused the insured loss, definition of insured and excluded risks and the impact of the assured’s failure to comply with the contractual duties to the insurance cover are the main topics to be included in the course programme. Whilst mainly English law will be our guidance to learn these concepts, examples will be provided from other jurisdictions, eg in Germany and USA (a few selected States). Finally, artificial intelligence is widely employed by insurers in the contract formation and claim settlement stages. The course will conclude with an overview of InsurTech and the ways that they have transformed the day to day operation of insurance businesses Worldwide.

2 Credits. Evaluation: Class participation (20%), Final take-home exam (8 hours) (2,500 words) (80%).

International Human Rights Law
Yuval Shany, Hebrew University of Jerusalem

The course proceeds in three segments. The first segment introduces the idea of human rights from an historical, philosophical, analytical and critical perspective. The focus of this segment is on the development of international human rights law within the UN system and its implications for international law and politics. The second and main segment of the course is devoted to the study of key international human rights notions and concepts and their application in specific human rights instruments and contexts. Among the issues discussed in this segment are right relativism/absolutism, extra-territorial application of human rights, positive/negative obligations, derogations and reservations, interplay between different rights, group rights, digital human rights and the application of human rights at times of war.  The third and last segment of the course explores the right enforcement mechanisms that have been put in place at the global, regional and national levels.

3 Credits. Evaluation: Final take-home exam (8 hours) (100%), Students who actively participate in class discussion in a manner that demonstrate deep familiarity with the assigned reading materials and the class materials, may get a bonus of up to 0.5 points.

International Trade Law and Policy: Post-WWII Evolution and Current Issues
Luca Rubini, University of Torino

Countries have been trading since ancient times. It is, however, only with the twentieth century, with the advent of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), that countries started to regulate trade multilaterally. Multilateralism as key mode of trade governance incrementally developed till reaching its climax in 1995 with the advent of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Almost simultaneously another form of trade governance started to develop. Outside of the WTO, countries increasingly concluded Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) between themselves reaching a point that, at the time of writing, there are more than 300 in force. What could not be done in the WTO, which, due to an increasingly wide and diverse membership, had become almost ungovernable, was done outside and beyond it. More recent times are suggesting new, seismic changes in global governance, including the trade field. Multilateralism is in crisis – the WTO being a key example in point and the death of the Appellate Body as its most vivid symptom. PTAs may have produced the maximum benefits available in terms of increased market access and possibilities of cooperation in beyond-the-border policies. While law reform talk of the existing institutions and rulebooks take place, countries are repositioning themselves. Sovereignty, and self-sufficiency, are once again buzzwords. The same happens for national security and industrial policy. Global Value Chains (GVCs) are subject to re-designing according to “friend-shoring”. Informal fora and clubs blossom. New trade blocks (a new Iron Curtain?) may well emerge out of these cumulative processes.

The present course aims to offer students a contemporary learning of international trade law and policy. The initial part will cover the same ground of classic syllabuses in the field, exploring the rationales for international trade and trade agreements and institutions, analysing the genesis of the GATT and its evolution into the WTO, as well as concentrating on the key norms of the WTO rule-book. Topics will cover dispute settlement, trade in goods (border measures, internal tax and regulation, subsidies, standards) and trade in services. The second part will see a shift of focus from multilateralism to PTAs, to assess their evolution and contents especially vis-à-vis their adding-up (or not) with respect to the WTO standard. A special attention in this regard will be paid to the PTAs concluded by the EU, the most active player in this field. The final part will concentrate on the analysis of the more contemporary trends that see countries increasingly resorting to unilateral measures and informal initiatives. On the basis of their learning, students will be invited to speculate into what the future holds.

2 Credits. Evaluation: Attendance and class participation (30%), Final research paper (4,000 words) (70%).

ONE-PLUS OPTION:

For 1 extra credit, a limited number of students who need to fulfill a graduation requirement at their home university may write a major research paper. To obtain the extra credit, the student must (a) turn in a written outline of the paper for faculty comment relatively early in the semester, (b) turn in a complete first draft for faculty comment two-thirds of the way through the semester, and (c) write a paper of 6,000 words, not including footnotes.

Please note that this course has not yet been approved as a WR course for Georgetown students.

Introduction to International Investment Law
Christophe Bondy, Alexandre Genest and Emmanuel Giakoumakis, Steptoe & Johnson LLP

The course “Introduction to International Investment Law” seeks to introduce CTLS students to the international investment law regime, one of the most controversial and dynamic areas of Public International Law of the last half-century. International investment is a key source of financing, expertise, business connections and opportunity for most States; but the extent of obligations owed to international investors, and the inherent limitations such obligations place on State sovereignty, have generated intense consideration and controversy in the first two decades of our millennium. To better understand the current state of play, our lectures will retrace the historical origins and evolution of the international investment regime, and the political economy underlying international investment agreements (IIAs). We will examine key obligations contained in IIAs, including protection against uncompensated expropriation, prohibition of discriminatory treatment, and provision for fair and equitable treatment and full protection and security of foreign investors and their investments. In this regard, we will explore apparent conflicts that have arisen since the mid-1990s between the obligations to be upheld by host States vis-à-vis foreign investors and States’ right to regulate in the public interest. We also will consider the IIA dispute resolution process as illustrated by leading procedural and substantive rules systems, reviewing main trends and hot topics; the merits of recent efforts to reform IIAs; and more broadly, the future prospects of international investment law. Through these lectures, students will become familiar with the history and key legal issues arising out of the interpretation of IIAs, the literature surrounding recent attempts at reforming the system, and the main components of investor-State dispute settlement, allowing them to consider calls for and against the protection of international investment from an informed and critical perspective.

2 Credits. Evaluation: Attendance and class participation (30%), Final research paper and its presentation in class (4,000 words) (70%).

ONE-PLUS OPTION:

For 1 extra credit, a limited number of students who need to fulfill a graduation requirement at their home university may write a major research paper. To obtain the extra credit, the student must (a) turn in a written outline of the paper for faculty comment relatively early in the semester, (b) turn in a complete first draft for faculty comment two-thirds of the way through the semester, and (c) write a paper of 6,000 words, not including footnotes.

Please note that this course has not yet been approved as a WR course for Georgetown students.

Legal History: The British Empire and the Emergence of a Transnational Legal Order (1750-1970)
Catharine MacMillan, King’s College London

This course considers the legal history of the British Empire and the emergence of a modern transnational legal order from this empire between 1750 and 1970. The course aims to introduce CTLS students to the laws, legal institutions and governance of the British Empire and, in so doing, provide an understanding of the modern global transnational legal order. The purpose of this course is to gain an understanding of particular themes rather than to consider a chronological development of historical events during this era. Students will gain an understanding, through these themes and also through the study of historiography, something of the methods of legal historians. This process will also work to strengthen critical analytical skills in relation to legal history. Representative seminar topics include the following: Law, Slavery and Abolition; Empire and its Peoples; Empire and the Rule of Law; Legal Education and Empire; What is Legal History a History of?; the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as an imperial court; and the Modern Development of Commercial Law through Practice. The topics considered in the seminars will provide an understanding of the development of the British Empire and its lasting legacies, from commerce to constitutions to citizens. A central aim of this module is to undertake a critical evaluation of the British Empire to provide modern perspectives on the role of the Empire in shaping the modern world.

Each seminar will have recommended reading upon which the in-class discussion will be based. To supplement this reading, there will be opportunity for students to watch audio-visual materials and listen to podcasts which provide interesting, contextual backgrounds to the subjects considered in these seminars. Students will also be able to draw upon original archival materials, available online, to further inform their understanding of particular topics and also to increase their knowledge of legal history as a discipline. In addition to the traditional seminar based discussion and preparation there will also be the opportunity to explore as a field trip (possibly more, subject to student interest) parts of London as the metropolis of the British Empire and a key city in the modern transnational legal order.

2 Credits. Evaluation: Attendance and class participation (30%), Final research paper (4,000 words) (70%).

The New Frontiers of Antitrust Law – Multinational Firms and Competition
Ittai Paldor, Hebrew University of Jerusalem

The course will focus on the tension, and at times possible contradiction, between core competitive norms in different jurisdictions, a problem that gravely affects multinational firms in the modern business world. The course will propose a solution to the clash between national competition laws.

In the modern economy, firms’ conduct often impacts the competitive landscape of several countries. Numerous regimes may thus have a justified claim for applying their respective competition laws to such firms’ conduct or transactions. At times, this subjects specific conduct or a specific transaction to contradicting, or at least very different, norms.

The course will provide an introductory glossary of fundamental antitrust norms and elaborate on the different views regarding the core goals of competition law. Thereafter, the course will focus on two manifestations of the problem of contradicting norms: civil lawsuits against international cartels, and different thresholds for merger review.

Time permitting, the course will also discuss different jurisdictions’ divergent attitudes towards the leveraging of big businesses’ economic power and its translation into power in other spheres, predominantly the political arena.

3 Credits. Evaluation: Class participation (20%), Final take-home exam (8 hours) (80%).

Transnational Climate Change Law
Jolene Lin, National University of Singapore

Climate change is the biggest threat to humanity’s existence. States, subnational governments, investors, central banks and international organizations, to name a few, have had to rapidly develop regulatory responses to mitigate as well as adapt to climate change. This has given rise to a Cambrian explosion of transnational institutions, standards and programmes – what Kenneth W. Abbott calls the “transnational regime complex for climate change”.

This course provides a comprehensive overview of the transnational climate change regime complex as well as examines the legal and regulatory responses of selected jurisdictions to climate change. The first seminar provides a rapid snapshot of the state of contemporary global climate change and energy politics as well as the latest climate change science. The initial part of the course will examine the transnational regulatory landscape with a focus on the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Paris Agreement, and various sub-state and non-state initiatives to drive decarbonization. The second part of the course examines the laws and regulatory frameworks that have been adopted in the European Union and United Kingdom for climate change mitigation and adaptation. The third part of the course focuses on climate change litigation.

This course is avowedly inter-disciplinary, drawing on insights from economics, international relations, public policy, and the physical sciences. These perspectives are essential to understanding the law and policies governing climate change.

2 Credits. Evaluation: Class participation (20%), Case Study Presentation (20%), Research Paper (4,000 words) (60%).

Transnational Environmental Law
Jolene Lin, National University of Singapore

Human pressures on the environment continue to grow, threatening serious irreversible harm to our eco-systems and natural resources. In this context, laws and regulations to protect the environment have grown exponentially. This has led to the development of a rich and still expanding field of law: environmental law. Transnational environmental law can be said to refer to the norms, processes and actors that seek to regulate cross-border environmental phenomena including climate change and plastics pollution. The ‘transnational’ seeks to transcend the rigid binary division of law into ‘domestic’ and ‘international’. Transnational environmental law therefore acknowledges the multi-actor, multi-level aspects of global environmental governance, the importance of ‘soft’ law and voluntary standards, and the complex reality of over-lapping or loosely connected regulatory regimes.

Through the study of recent developments in international environmental law, regional law (including EU law) and private environmental regulation, this course investigates how new transnational environmental laws are made, how transnational environmental law is implemented and enforced, and whether transnational corporations can be held accountable for environmental damage. These broad questions are explored through case studies on, for example, climate change and plastics pollution.

2 Credits. Evaluation: Class participation (20%), Case Study Presentation (20%), Research Paper (4,000 words) (60%).