David D. Cole

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All Scholarship 2000 - Present

Forthcoming Works and Works in Progress

• David D. Cole, Military Commissions and the Paradigm of Prevention, in Guantánamo and Beyond: Exceptional Courts and Military Commissions in Comparative and Policy Perspectives (Oren Gross & Fionnuala Ní Aoláin eds., Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press forthcoming).    [SSRN] [Gtown Law]

Books

• Securing Liberty: Debating Issues of Terrorism and Democratic Values in the Post-9/11 United States (David D. Cole ed., New York: International Debate Education Association 2011).    [BOOK]
• The Torture Memos: Rationalizing the Unthinkable (David D. Cole ed., New York: New Press 2009).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole, Justice at War: The Men and Ideas that Shaped America's War on Terror (New York: New York Review Books 2008).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole & Jules Lobel, Less Safe, Less Free: Why America is Losing the War on Terror (New York: New Press 2007).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole & James X. Dempsey, Terrorism and the Constitution: Sacrificing Civil Liberties in the Name of National Security (New York: New Press rev. 3d ed. 2006).   
• David D. Cole, Enemy Aliens: Double Standards and Constitutional Freedoms in the War on Terrorism (New York: New Press rev. pbk. ed. 2005).   
• David D. Cole, Enemy Aliens: Double Standards and Constitutional Freedoms in the War on Terrorism (New York: New Press 2004).   
• David D. Cole, Enemy Aliens: Double Standards and Constitutional Freedoms in the War on Terrorism (New York: New Press 2003).    [BOOK]

Contributions to Law Reviews and Other Scholarly Journals

• David D. Cole, Confronting the Wizard of Oz: National Security, Expertise, and Secrecy, 44 Conn. L. Rev. 1627-1635 (2012).    [HEIN] [L] [W] [Gtown Law] [WWW]
• David D. Cole, Legal Affairs: Dreyfus, Guantánamo, and the Foundation of the Rule of Law, 29 Touro L. Rev. 43-57 (2012).    [L] [W] [WWW]
• David D. Cole, The Taint of Torture: The Roles of Law and Policy in Our Descent to the Dark Side, 49 Hous. L. Rev. 53-69 (2012).    [HEIN] [L] [W] [SSRN] [Gtown Law]
• David D. Cole, The First Amendment's Borders: The Place of Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project in First Amendment Doctrine, 6 Harv. L. & Pol'y Rev. 147-177 (2012).    [HEIN] [L] [W] [SSRN] [Gtown Law] [WWW]
• David D. Cole, Turning the Corner on Mass Incarceration?, 9 Ohio St. J. Crim. L. 27-51 (2011).    [HEIN] [L] [W] [SSRN] [Gtown Law] [WWW]
• David Cole, Where Liberty Lies: Civil Society and Individual Rights After 9/11, 57 Wayne L. Rev. 1203-1267 (2011).    [L] [W] [SSRN] [Gtown Law] [WWW]
• David D. Cole, The Sacrificial Yoo: Accounting for Torture in the OPR Report, 4 J. Nat'l Sec. L. & Pol'y 455-464 (2010).    [HEIN] [L] [W] [SSRN] [Gtown Law] [WWW]
• David D. Cole, Out of the Shadows: Preventive Detention, Suspected Terrorists, and War, 97 Cal. L. Rev. 693-750 (2009).    [HEIN] [L] [W] [SSRN] [Gtown Law]
• David D. Cole, No Reason to Believe: Radical Skepticism, Emergency Power, and Constitutional Constraint, 75 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1329-1364 (2008) (reviewing Eric A. Posner & Adrian Vermeule, Terror in the Balance: Security, Liberty, and the Courts (2007)).    [HEIN] [L] [W] [SSRN] [Gtown Law]
• David D. Cole, Rights Over Borders: Transnational Constitutionalism and Guantánamo Bay, 2008 Cato Sup. Ct. Rev. 47-61.    [L] [W] [SSRN] [Gtown Law]
• David D. Cole, Address to the Terrorism & Justice Conference at the University of Central Missouri: Less Safe, Less Free: A Progress Report on the War on Terror, 8 J. Inst. Just. & Int'l Stud. 1-8 (2008).    [HEIN] [W]
• David D. Cole, Panel: Restrictions on Freedom of Association Through Material Support Prohibitions and Visa Denials, 57 Am. U. L. Rev. 1212-1217 (2008).    [HEIN] [L] [W]
• David D. Cole & Peter H. Schuck, Citizenship in a Post 9/11 World, 75 Fordham L. Rev. 2531-2540 (2007).    [HEIN] [L] [W] [WWW]
• David D. Cole, The Poverty of Posner's Pragmatism: Balancing Away Liberty After 9/11, 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1735-1751 (2007) (reviewing Richard Posner, Not a Suicide Pact: The Constitution in a Time of National Emergency (2006)).    [HEIN] [L] [W] [Gtown Law]
• David D. Cole, Against Citizenship as a Predicate for Basic Rights, 75 Fordham L. Rev. 2541-2548 (2007).    [HEIN] [L] [W] [Gtown Law]
• David D. Cole, Reviving the Nixon Doctrine: NSA Spying, the Commander-In-Chief, and Executive Power in the War On Terror, 13 Wash. & Lee J. Civil Rts. & Soc. Just. 17-40 (2006).    [HEIN] [L] [W] [SSRN] [Gtown Law]
• David D. Cole, The Idea of Humanity: Human Rights and Immigrants' Rights, 37 Colum. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 627-658 (2006).    [HEIN] [L] [W] [SSRN] [Gtown Law]
• David D. Cole, Fighting Terrorism – Not the Constitution, 12 Responsive Community: Rights and Responsibilities 48-55 (2001/2002).   
• David D. Cole, The Liberal Legacy of Bush v. Gore, 94 Geo. L.J. 1427-1474 (2006).    [HEIN] [L] [W] [SSRN] [Gtown Law]
• David D. Cole & Martin S. Lederman, The National Security Agency's Domestic Spying Program: Framing the Debate, 81 Ind. L.J. 1355-1425 (2006).    [HEIN] [L] [W]
• David D. Cole et al., NSA Wiretapping Controversy: A Debate Between Professor David D. Cole and Professor Ruth Wedgwood, 37 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 509-535 (2006).    [HEIN] [L] [W]
• David D. Cole, The Priority of Morality: The Emergency Constitution's Blind Spot, 113 Yale L.J. 1753-1800 (2004).    [HEIN] [L] [W]
• David D. Cole, The New McCarthyism: Repeating History in the War in Terrorism, 38 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 1-30 (2003).    [HEIN] [L] [W] [SSRN] [Gtown Law]
• David D. Cole, Their Liberties, Our Security: Democracy and Double Standards, 31 Int'l J. Legal Info. 290-311 (2003).    [HEIN] [W]
• David D. Cole, Are Foreign Nationals Entitled to the Same Constitutional Rights As Citizens?, 25 T. Jefferson L. Rev. 367-388 (2003).    [HEIN] [L] [W] [Gtown Law]
• David D. Cole, Judging the Next Emergency: Judicial Review and Individual Rights in Times of Crisis, 101 Mich. L. Rev. 2565-2595 (2003).    [HEIN] [L] [W] [SSRN] [Gtown Law]
• David D. Cole, Security and Freedom: Are the Governments' Efforts to Deal With Terrorism Violative of Our Freedoms?, 29 Can.-U.S. L.J. 339-349 (2003).    [HEIN] [L] [W] [Gtown Law]
• David D. Cole, Enemy Aliens, 54 Stan. L. Rev. 953-1004 (2002).    [HEIN] [L] [W] [SSRN]
• David D. Cole, Faith and Funding: Toward an Expressivist Model of the Establishment Clause, 75 S. Cal. L. Rev. 559-603 (2002).    [HEIN] [L] [W]
• David D. Cole, Formalism, Realism, and the War on Drugs, 35 Suffolk U. L. Rev. 241-255 (2001).    [HEIN] [L] [W] [Gtown Law]
• David D. Cole, In Aid of Removal: Due Process Limits on Immigration Detention, 51 Emory L.J. 1003-1039 (2002).    [HEIN] [L] [W] [SSRN] [Gtown Law]
• David D. Cole, As Freedom Advances: The Paradox of Severity in American Criminal Justice, 3 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 455-473 (2001).    [HEIN] [L] [W] [Gtown Law]
• David D. Cole, No Equal Justice, 1 Conn. Pub. Int. L.J. 19-33 (2001).    [HEIN] [Gtown Law] [WWW]
• David D. Cole, Secrecy, Guilt by Association, and the Terrorist Profile, 15 J.L. & Religion 267-288 (2001).    [HEIN] [W] [Gtown Law]
• David D. Cole, Damage Control? A Comment on Professor Neuman’s Reading of Reno v. AADC, 14 Geo. Immigr. L.J. 347-362 (2000).    [HEIN] [L] [W]
• David D. Cole, Hanging With the Wrong Crowd: Of Gangs, Terrorists, and the Right of Association, 1999 Sup. Ct. Rev. 203-252.    [HEIN] [L] [W] [Gtown Law]
• David D. Cole, Race, Class and Criminal Prosecutions: The Supreme Court’s Role in Targeting Minorities, 57 Guild Prac. 38-40 (2000).    [HEIN] [Gtown Law]

Book Chapters and Collected Works

• David D. Cole, Closing Guantánamo: The Problem of Preventive Detention, in Securing Liberty: Debating Issues of Terrorism and Democratic Values in the Post-9/11 United States 171-187 (David D. Cole ed., New York: International Debate Education Association 2011).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole, Judgment and Discrimination, in Blind Goddess: A Reader on Race and Justice 117-138 (Alexander Papachristou ed., New York: New Press 2011).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole & Martin S. Lederman, The National Security Agency's Domestic Spying Program: Framing the Debate, in National Security, Civil Liberties, and the War on Terror 306-310 (M. Katherine B. Darmer & Richard D. Fybel eds., Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books 2011).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole, The Torture Memos: The Case Against the Lawyers, in Securing Liberty: Debating Issues of Terrorism and Democratic Values in the Post-9/11 United States 127-143 (David D. Cole ed., New York: International Debate Education Association 2011).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole, Outsourcing Torture: Extraordinary Rendition and the Necessity for Extraterritorial Protection of Human Rights, in Prisoners in War 281-296 (Sibylle Scheipers ed., New York: Oxford University Press 2010).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole, Respecting Civil Liberties and Preventing Executive Overreach Are Critical to Preserving America's Security and Its Ideals, in Debating Terrorism and Counterterrorism: Conflicting Perspectives on Causes, Contexts, and Responses 353-369 (Stuart Gottlieb ed., D.C.: CQ Press 2010).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole, "Strategies of the Weak": Thinking Globally and Acting Locally toward a Progressive Constitutional Vision, in The Constitution in 2020, at 297-312 (Jack M. Balkin & Reva B. Siegel eds., Oxford: Oxford University Press 2009).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole, Communists, Terrorists, or Just Arabs?: The Twenty-One Year Epic Deportation Struggle of the LA 8, in The Arab-American Handbook: A Guide to the Arab, Arab-American & Muslim Worlds (Nawar Shora & Ali Farzat eds., Seattle, Wash.: Cune Press 2009).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole, Introductory Commentary: Torture Law, in The Torture Memos: Rationalizing the Unthinkable 1-40 (David D. Cole ed., New York: The New Press 2009).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole, The Priority of Morality: The Emergency Constitution's Blind Spot, in Civil Rights and Security 115-162 (David Dyzenhaus ed., Burlington, VT: Ashgate 2009).   
• David D. Cole, Foreword: Justice and the Outsider, in Keeping Out the Other: A Critical Introduction to Immigration Enforcement Today ix-xii (David C. Brotherton & Philip Kretsedemas eds., New York: Columbia University Press 2008).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole, Human Rights and the Challenge of Terror, in Democratic Responses to Terrorism 157-168 (Leonard Weinberg ed., New York: Routledge 2008).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole, Terror Financing, Guilt by Association, and the Paradigm of Prevention in the "War on Terror", in Counterterrorism: Democracy's Challenge 233-250 (Andrea Bianchi & Alexis Keller eds., Oxford: Hart Publishing 2008).    [SSRN] [Gtown Law]
• David D. Cole, National Security State, in Applying Ethics: A Text with Readings (Jeffrey Olen, Julie C. Van Camp & Vincent Barry eds., Detroit, Mich.: Cengage Learning 9th ed. 2007).   
• David D. Cole, What Bush Wants to Hear, in Liberty Under Attack: Reclaiming Our Freedom in an Age of Terror (Richard C. Leone & Greg Anrig, Jr. eds., New York: Public Affairs 2007).   
• David D. Cole, Gideon v. Wainwright and Strickland v. Washington: Broken Promises, in Criminal Procedure Stories 101-128 (Carol S. Steiker & Pamela S. Karlan eds., New York: Foundation Press 2006).    [BOOK]
• David Cole, The Idea of Humanity: Human Rights and Immigrants' Rights, in Human Rights at the Center [Les Droits de l'Homme au Centre] 275-301 (Franz Werro, Samantha Besson & Michel Hottelier eds., Zurich, Switz.: Schulthess 2006).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole, Criminalizing Speech: The Material Support Provision, in Patriot Debates: Experts Debate the USA PATRIOT Act 144-149, 154-155 (Stewart A. Baker & John Kavanagh eds., Chicago: American Bar Association 2005).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole, Imaginary Walls and Unnecessary Fixes, in Patriot Debates: Experts Debate the USA PATRIOT Act 71-76, 78-79 (Stewart A. Baker & John Kavanagh eds., Chicago: American Bar Association 2005).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole, The New McCarthyism: Repeating History in the War on Terrorism, in Dissent in Dangerous Times 111-145 (Austin Sarat ed., Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press 2005).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole, Foreword, in Jurors' Stories of Death: How America's Death Penalty Invests in Inequality ix (Benjamin Fleury-Steiner ed., Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press 2004).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole, Terrorism and the Rule of Law: Maintaining Security and Liberty, in What We Stand For: A Program for Progressive Patriotism 167-182 (Mark Green ed., New York: Newmarket Press 2004).   
• David D. Cole, What's a Progressive to Do? Strategies for Social Reform in a Hostile Political Climate, in Varieties of Progressivism in America 107-143 (Peter Berkowitz ed., Stanford, Cal.: Hoover Institution Press 2004).   
• David D. Cole, The Ashcroft Raids, in It's a Free Country: Personal Freedom in America After September 11, 13-19 (Danny Goldberg, Victor Goldberg & Robert Greenwald eds., New York: Thunder's Mouth Press/Nation Books 2003).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole, The Course of Least Resistance: Repeating History in the War on Terrorism, in Lost Liberties: Ashcroft and the Assault on Personal Freedom 13-32 (Cynthia Brown ed., New York: New Press 2003).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole, Let's Fight Terrorism, Not the Constitution, in Rights vs. Public Safety After 9/11: America in the Age of Terrorism 35-42 (Amitai Etzioni & Jason H. Marsh eds., Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield 2003).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole, Foreword: Discretion and Discrimination Reconsidered: A Response to the New Criminal Justice Scholarship, in A Reader on Race, Civil Rights, and American Law: A Multiracial Approach 458-463 (Timothy Davis, Kevin R. Johnson & George A. Martinez eds., Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press 2001).    [BOOK]
• David D. Cole, Terrorism Control and the Constitution, Entry, in 6 Encyclopedia of the American Constitution 2674 (Leonard W. Levy, Kenneth L. Karst & Adam Winkler eds., New York: Macmillan Reference USA 2d ed. 2000).    [BOOK]

Congressional Testimony

• Rendition to Torture: The Case of Maher Arar: Hearing Before the H. Comm. on Foreign Affairs,, 110th Cong., Oct. 18, 2007 (Statement of David D. Cole) (CIS-Nos.: 2008-H381-1 & 2008-H521-3).    [Gtown Law]
• Alien Gang Removal Act of 2005: Hearing Before the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 109th Cong., June 28, 2005 (Statement of David D. Cole) (CIS-No.:2005-H521-63.1).    [Gtown Law]
• Oversight of the USA Patriot Act: Hearing Before the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 109th Cong., Apr. 5, May 10, 2005 (Statement of David D. Cole) (CIS-NO.: 2001-S521-6.3).    [Gtown Law]
• Aiding Terrorists: Hearing Before the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 108th Cong., May 5, 2004 (Statement of David D. Cole) (CIS-No.: 2008-S521-31).    [Gtown Law]
• Protecting Constitutional Freedoms in the Face of Terrorism: Hearing Before the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 107th Cong., Oct. 3, 2001 (Statement of David D. Cole) (CIS-No.: 2001-S521-47.1).    [Gtown Law]
• Secret Evidence Repeal Act of 1999, Part 1: Hearing Before the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 106th Cong., Feb. 10, 2000 (Statement of David D. Cole) (CIS-No.: 2000-H521-125.3).    [Gtown Law]
• Secret Evidence Repeal Act of 1999, Part 2: Hearing Before the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 106th Cong., May 23, 2000 (Statement of David D. Cole) (CIS-No.: 2000-H521-126.3).    [Gtown Law]

Selected Contributions to Other Publications

• David D. Cole, 13 Questions for John O. Brennan, N.Y. Rev. Books, Feb. 21, 2013, at 8-10.   
• David D. Cole, Getting Nearer and Nearer, N.Y. Rev. Books, Jan. 10, 2013, at 27-29 (reviewing Michael J. Klarman, From the Closet to the Altar: Courts, Backlash, and the Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage (2013)).   
• David D. Cole, On Anthony Lewis (1927-2013), N.Y. Rev. Books, May 9, 2013, at 4-6.   
• David D. Cole, The Roberts Court vs. Voting Rights, N.Y. Rev. Books, Apr. 4, 2013, at 62-63.   
• David D. Cole, Are We Stuck with the Imperial Presidency?, N.Y. Rev. Books, June 7, 2012, at 62-64 (reviewing Eric A. Posner & Adrian Vermeule, The Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic (2010)).   
• David D. Cole, Obama and Terror: The Hovering Questions, N.Y. Rev. Books, July 12, 2012, at 32-44 (reviewing Daniel Klaidman, Kill or Capture: The War on Terror and the Soul of the Obama Presidency (2012) & Jack Goldsmith, Power and Constraint: The Accountable Presidency After 9/11 (2012)).   
• David D. Cole, Our Romance with Guns, N.Y. Rev. Books, Sept. 27, 2012, at 48-51 (reviewing Adam Winkler, Gunfight: The Battle Over the Right to Bear Arms in America (2011), Franklin E. Zimring, The City that Became Safe: New York's Lessons for Urban Crime and Its Control (2012) & David M. Kennedy, Don't Shoot: One Man, a Street Fellowship, and the End of Violence in Inner-City America (2011)).   
• David D. Cole, Defending Healthcare, The Nation, Mar. 26, 2012, at 5-6.   
• David D. Cole, The Gay Path Through the Courts, N.Y. Rev. Books, Apr. 5, 2012, at 34-36 (reviewing Dale Carpenter, Flagrant Conduct: The Story of Lawrence v. Texas (2012)).   
• David D. Cole, After September 11: What We Still Don’t Know, N.Y. Rev. Books, Sept. 29, 2011.    [WWW]
• David D. Cole, Is Health Care Reform Unconstitutional?, N.Y. Rev. Books, Feb. 24, 2011, at 9.    [Gtown Law] [WWW]
• David D. Cole, Keeping Watch on the Detectives, N.Y. Rev. Books, Dec. 22, 2011, at 73-77 (reviewing Simon Chesterman, One Nation Under Surveillance: A New Social Contract to Defend Freedom Without Sacrificing Liberty (2011); Daniel J. Solove, Nothing to Hide: The False Tradeoff Between Privacy and Security (2011); David K. Shipler, The Rights of the People: How Our Search for Safety Invades Our Liberties (2011)).    [WWW]
• David D. Cole, Killing Our Citizens Without Trial, N.Y. Rev. Books, Nov. 24, 2011.    [WWW]
• David D. Cole, Thirty-Five States to Go, London Rev. Books, Mar. 3, 2011, at 15-16 (reviewing David Garland, Peculiar Institution: America's Death Penalty in an Age of Abolition (2010)).   
• David D. Cole, George W. Bush: Torturer-in-Chief, The Nation, Nov. 29, 2010, at 4-6.    [WWW]
• David D. Cole, Getting Away with Torture, N.Y. Rev. Books, Jan. 14, 2010, at 39-42.    [WWW]
• David D. Cole, Hope and Betrayal on Death Row, N.Y. Rev. Books, Nov. 25, 2010, at 31-33 (reviewing David R. Dow, Autobiography of an Execution (2010); Wilbert Rideau, In the Place of Justice (2010)).    [Gtown Law] [WWW]
• David D. Cole, The Roberts Court vs. Free Speech, N.Y. Rev. Books, Aug. 19, 2010, at 80-81 (reviewing Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project, 561 U.S. __ (2010)).    [Gtown Law] [WWW]
• David D. Cole, They Did Authorize Torture, But..., N.Y. Rev. Books, Apr. 8, 2010, at 42-43 (reviewing Office of Prof'l Responsibility, Dep't of Justice, Investigation into the Office of Legal Counsel's Memoranda Concerning Issues Relating to the Central Intelligence Agency's Use of 'Enhanced Interrogation Techniques' on Suspected Terrorists (2009); Memorandum from David Margolis, Deputy Att'y Gen., U.S. Dep't of Justice to the Att'y Gen. (Jan. 5, 2010)).    [Gtown Law] [WWW]
• David D. Cole, What To Do About Guantánamo?, N.Y. Rev. Books, Oct. 14, 2010, at 48-50 (reviewing The Guantánamo Lawyers: Inside a Prison Outside the Law (Mark P. Denbeaux & Jonathan Hafetz eds., 2009); Charles Fried & Gregory Fried, Because It Is Wrong: Torture, Privacy and Presidential Power and the Age of Terror (2010); The Guantánamo Review Task Force Final Report (2010)).    [WWW]
• David D. Cole, License to Kill?, The Nation, May 3, 2010, at 4, 6.   
• David D. Cole, Torture Lawyers on Trial?, The Nation, Mar. 1, 2010, at 6-7.    [WWW]
• David D. Cole, American Justice on Trial, The Nation, Dec. 7, 2009, at 4, 6.    [WWW]
• David D. Cole, Bush Law Continued, The Nation, Apr. 6, 2009, at 8.    [WWW]
• David D. Cole, Bush's Lingering Blacklist, The Nation, May 11, 2009, at 7-8.    [WWW]
• David D. Cole, Hold Ashcroft Accountable, The Nation, Oct. 5, 2009, at 6, 8.    [WWW]
• David D. Cole, Truth and Consequences: The Case for a Commission on Torture, America, Aug. 3, 2009, at 13-14.    [W]
• David D. Cole, The Torture Veto, The Nation, Mar. 31, 2008, at 4.    [WWW]
• David D. Cole, A Blow Against Gitmo, The Nation, July 7, 2008, at 4.    [WWW]
• David D. Cole, Double Standards, Democracy, and Human Rights, 18 Peace Rev. 427-437 (2006).    [W]
• David D. Cole, Constitutional Crisis?, Dissent, Fall 2004, at 9-10.   
• David D. Cole, Their Liberties, Our Security: Democracy and Double Standards, Boston Rev., Dec. 2002/Jan. 2003, at 4-10.    [WWW]
• David D. Cole, Terrorizing Immigrants in the Name of Fighting Terrorism, Hum. Rts., Winter 2002, at 11-13.    [HEIN] [L] [W]
• David D. Cole, Secret Trials, Hum. Rts., Winter 2001, at 8-9.    [HEIN] [W]