Argues that the exceptions clause language is properly read to permit Congress to shift cases from the Court’s appellate to its original jurisdiction. Thus, Congress can’t make any exceptions to appellate jurisdiction without giving SCOTUS concurrent original jurisdiction over these cases. Looks to the original public meaning of the clause to conclude that the federal judiciary must be allowed to exercise all of the judicial power of the United States, and the Supreme Court has the final jurisdictional word in all cases that raise federal issues.